Geog In Everyday Life - Topic 3 (GI) Flashcards
Why quantitative data followed by qualitative data
Identify patterns and trends -> examine the patterns and trends observed
Why qualitative followed by quantitative data
Make observations -> verify them
Limitations when carrying out GI
Time available
Access to places
Data
Availability of equipment
Manpower
TADA M
Risks and mitigation measures
Falls, cuts, minor injuries: proper footwear and clothing + take note of potential hazards (uneven surfaces, steep steps, jagged rocks)
Traffic accidents, collisions with cyclists: take note of local traffic hazards, road crossing procedures + avoid collecting data on road or in path of cyclists)
Encounter with wildlife?
Sampling methods
Probability: simple random, stratified random
Non-probability: convenience, quota
Probability sampling
Randomly selected
Random no. generator or die
Removes bias
More representative
Non-probability sampling + when it’s used
Non-randomly selected, subjectively selected
May be biased
Not representative, hard to make generalisations
Used when:
Unnecessary to select representative sample
Conduct quickly
Stratified random sampling
Categories/criterion based on …
age, sex, ethnicities etc
Proportionate makeup to population
Types of scales
Likert
Frequency
Ranking (compare items, less than 10 for reliable data, large scales, participants don’t have strong opinions abt items ranked in the middle)
Purpose/function of mental maps
Collect primary data on ppl perception of places in their minds
Benefits and limitations of free-form mental maps
More representative of participants geographical imagination of places compared to use of labelled base maps
Not easily georeferenced, not easily mapped onto GIS Geographical Information System
(+) & (-) of Mean
Includes every value
Influenced by outliers
(+) & (-) of median
Less affected by outliers
Not as sensitive as mean in showing central location of data in data set
(+) & (-) of mode
Useful for categorical data
Not very useful for continuous data (two or more values may share the highest frequency) e.g. temp
Aspects of mental maps
Centering and borders
Scale of map elements
Labelling
Colours, legends and symbols
Perspective and orientation
Other features
2S 2C 2L OP
Centering and borders
Features at the centre may be of greater importance to…
But may not represent reality
Scale of map elements
Mapper’s familiarity
Larger features-> greater familiarity, more frequent activities
Labelling
Choice of words, positive or negative
Emotions
Colours, legends and symbols
Convey emotions
Personal experiences, favourite/important location
Perspective and location
Aerial view less details
Street view greater details
Important place may be depicted as closer to their home
Positive and negative correlation
Increase with higher or decrease with higher…
But there may be outliers or anomalies
Or
No relationship
Bar graphs
Categorical data
Pie chart
Proportion, percentage
Line graph
Continuous data, time related
Show trends over time
Text…
Colour coded quotations
Word clouds
predefined responses advantages
(how it works: actual values or short phrases/single words…)
- guides participants, easier to answer
- easier to analyze and interpret
- useful for quantitative data-> analyze -> examine patterns and trends
what can mental maps collect data on?
- how ppl experience and think visually and spatially abt their env
- dynamic interrelationships ppl have w/ env
recognizable geometric shapes, clusters and repetitions
find what is common/popular (count number…)
repetitions -> popularity, prominence
absence-> unfamiliarity, lack of interaction
colour-coded quotations advantages, purpose
easy for researchers to lose sight of what they’re reading when analyzing large bodies of text SO
useful in analyzing and presenting findings from qualitative data
colours and accompanying meanings -> analyze, communicate findings
word cloud advantages/purpose
difficult to recognize most impt points
bigger, bolder -> greater importance
