GEOG exam 3

Question 1

Mass Movement: Mountains

Answer 1

Erodes mountains into smaller landforms
- Younger Mountains: jagged and rough (more rapid landslides)
-Older Mountains: smoothed and rounded (more slower landslides)

Question 2

Landslide Triggers: #4: Vibrations

Answer 2

-Earthquakes
-Human Activity
-Volcanic Erruptions

Question 3

Landslides Triggers #3:

Question 4

Landslide Triggers #2:

Question 5

Landslide Triggers #1:

Question 6

Deformation

Question 7

Differential stress:

Answer 7

different amounts of pressure/force from different directions

*Leads to crustal deformation (change on shape or position of rocks due to stress)
*Causes: plate tectonics, magma intruding into rock, heavy glacier melting (crust sinking & later rebounding)

Question 8

Types of Differential stress:

Answer 8

1. Compressional
2. Tensional
3. Shear

Question 9

Compressional Stress:

Answer 9

Squeezes a rock
associated with convergent plate boundaries

Question 10

Tensional Stress:

Answer 10

Pulls the rock apart/stretches the rock
*associated with divergent plate boundaries

Question 11

Shear Stress:

Answer 11

Forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions
*Associated with transform plate boundaries
*can cause masses of rock to slip

Question 12

Types of Deformation:

Answer 12

1. Brittle
2. Elastic
3. Ductile

Question 13

Brittle Deformation:

Answer 13

rock breaks (joints or faults)

Question 14

Ductile Deformation:

Answer 14

rock bends/folds/warps
*permanent change

Question 15

Elastic Deformation:

Answer 15

rock temporarily stretched (returns to its original position if stress is later released)

Question 16

Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation:

Answer 16

Folds
Domes

Question 17

Folds:

Answer 17

A series of wavy undulations (zig-zags)
-compressional stress
-lateral (side to side) shortening and vertical (up and down) thickening of the crust

Question 18

Types of folds: Anticline

Question 19

Types of folds: Syncline

Answer 19

Downfolded or troughed strata

*The youngest rock pushed downwards towards the center
*Eroded sentiments may build up at the top

Question 20

Symmetrical Fold

Answer 20

The limbs of a symetrical fols

Question 21

Asymmetrical Fold

Question 22

Overturned Fold:

Question 23

Domes:

Answer 23

Unwarping of buried igneous and metamorphic rock deforms overlying sedimentary strata

*Causes: plate tectonics, formation of laccoliths
*Circular or elongated bulge
*Oldest rock in the center

Question 24

which one had older vs younger inncenter, why it is, which tied eith cyncline vs alchinee, etc

Question 25

Natural Hazard

Answer 25

A natural disaster that specifically impacts people.

Question 26

Seismic wave:

Answer 26

Elastic wave of energy caused by earthquakes. -Rock settles in original shape (with displacement) -Radiate outward from the hypocenter/focus

Question 27

Types of seismic waves: Surface

Answer 27

Surface (also called L or long), travel along Earth's surface Two types: 1. Love: travels through solids 2. Rayleigh: travels through solids *greater destruction *higher aptitude *wider periods *slower velocity

Question 28

Rayleigh waves:

Answer 28

Wave motion (like a laundry machine). This type of surface wave travels along the Earth's surface to similar rolling ocean waves.

Question 29

Love waves:

Answer 29

A second type of surface wave moves the ground from side to side, and can be particularly damaging to building foundations.

Question 30

Types of seismic waves: Body

Answer 30

Body: travel through Earth's interior Two Types: 1. Primary: travels through solids, liquids and gasses. 2. Secondary: travels through solids. *Less destructive *Lower amplitude *Narrower periods *Faster velocity

Question 31

Intensity scale:

Answer 31

Ranked based on the amount of damage -Drawback: rural vs. urban impact (energy is the same, situations and impacts are different), subjectivity of what "major damage" means, accessibility to earthquake-proof resources for housing, and protection.

Question 32

Magnitude scale

Answer 32

Ranked based on the amount of energy released at the focus/hypocenter

Question 33

Mercalli Intensity Scale:

Answer 33

A scale explaining the intensity of earthquakes and movements, scale from 1-12

Question 34

Earthquake Destruction Factors:

Answer 34

Factors involved: 1. Vibration strength 2. Earthquake duration 3. Nature of materials under structures 4. Designs of structures