geog Flashcards
Liverpool was an important port …
Liverpool was an important port for ships transporting sugar, cotton and slaves from Africa and the West Indies.
Liverpool is a port city in the ___________ of England that built upon the estuary of the ___________.
Liverpool is a port city in the north-west of England that built upon the estuary of the River Mersey.
_____________ in Liverpool has caused some inner city areas to become very _______.
Industrial decline in Liverpool has caused some inner city areas to become very deprived.
there are now __ megacities
more than two thirds are in ____ and ____
there are now 34 megacities
more than two thirds are in LICs and NEEs
push factors:
____________ e.g. floods and earthquakes cause damage to property which people ______________
___________ cause people to flee their homes
pull factors:
more jobs in urban areas that are ________
access to better …
push factors:
natural disasters e.g. floods and earthquakes cause damage to property which people can’t afford to repair
conflict or war cause people to flee their homes
pull factors:
more jobs in urban areas that are better paid
access to better health care + education
urban growth
social opportunities
better access to …
economic opportunities
growth of … can increase economic development, as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in the ________ - there are better _____ and more _____ than in rural areas
urban growth
social opportunities
better access to services e.g. health care and education
economic opportunities
growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development, as industries develop, more people move to urban areas to work in the factories - there are better wages and more jobs than in rural areas
urban growth
social and economic challenges
many people that move to the city end up in .. , built illegally by …
-badly built, _________
-no access to …
environmental challenges
if cities grow rapidly, waste disposal services and sewage systems …
- rubbish not collected or may end up in … which damages the environment , especially if it’s ____
-air pollution comes from …
urban growth
social and economic challenges
many people that move to the city end up in squatter settlements, built illegally by people who can’t afford proper housing
-badly built, overcrowded
-no access to clean running water, proper sewers or electricity
environmental challenges
if cities grow rapidly, waste disposal services and sewage systems can’t keep pace with the growth
- rubbish not collected or may end up in big rubbish heaps which damages the environment , especially if it’s toxic
-air pollution comes from burning fuel, vehicle exhaust fumes and factories
urban planning scheme e.g. the Favela-Bairro Project
rio de janeiro is in …
____+ squatter settlements
this project ran from _________
social improvements - … for children + … to help people with drug or alcohol addictions
economic developments - project is helping people get … of their properties
environmental developments - ________ buildings replaced with bricks and streets …
urban planning scheme e.g. the Favela-Bairro Project
rio de janeiro is in south east Brazil.
600+ squatter settlements
this project ran from 1995-2008
social improvements - day care centres for children + adult education classes and services to help people with drug or alcohol addictions
economic developments - project is helping people get legal ownership of their properties
environmental developments - wooden buildings replaced with bricks and streets widened + paved
lagos
city (21 million) in Nigeria, Nigeria is an NEE and the richest country in Africa
social opportunities
more … and … and a better range of ________ in Lagos than rural Nigeria
people can use ________ for cooking and lighting. access to electricity also means …
economic opportunities
rapid growth of the city means …
Lagos also has a … and music industry - ‘nollywood’ films are very popular
social challenges
over __% of Lagos live in ____ e.g. Makoko
houses in Makoko are … in the lagoon. there is only one primary school in Makoko and many families …
environmental challenges
only about __% of rubbish is ______________ and there are large rubbish dumps containing __________
lagos
city (21 million) in Nigeria, Nigeria is an NEE and the richest country in Africa
social opportunities
more healthcare centres and hospitals and a better range of medicines in Lagos than rural Nigeria
people can use electricity for cooking and lighting. access to electricity also means people can develop businesses
economic opportunities
rapid growth of the city means there are lots of construction jobs
Lagos also has a thriving film and music industry - ‘nollywood’ films are very popular
social challenges
over 60% of Lagos live in slums e.g. Makoko
houses in Makoko are flimsy, wooden huts built on stilts in the lagoon. there is only one primary school in Makoko and many families can’t afford to send their children to school
environmental challenges
only about 40% of rubbish is officially collected and there are large rubbish dumps containing toxic waste
urban change opportunities
immigrant communities were attracted by …
many UK cities are now very _________ - offering a range of food andfestivals
urban change challenges
industrial decline in cities caused …
people moved away, …
urban change opportunities
immigrant communities were attracted by low cost inner city housing .
many UK cities are now very multicultural - offering a range of food andfestivals
urban change challenges
industrial decline in cities caused a decrease in wealth.
people moved away, leaving derelict buildings that became a target for crime, and areas in many inner cities became deprived
changes in UK cities
regeneration is …
___________ is an inner city area in Manchester that was regenerated
the area had many economic and social problems including …
_____ new homes were built in … and a new ___ stop improved …
changes in UK cities
regeneration is the improvement of an area
New Islington is an inner city area in Manchester that was regenerated
the area had many economic and social problems including high unemployment, burglary, drug problems, graffiti and vandalism
1700 new homes were built in consultation with local residents and a new tram stop improved public transport links.
urban change in Liverpool
social and economic opportunities
employment- the tourism and service sectors ( e.g. health and finance) now offer many ___, along with new ________ developments, e.g. …. Development of the ‘___________’ area of the city has seen the conversion of __________ factories and _________ into spaces for creative industries, such as ___ and ____ making
Environmental opportunities
the decline of industry left many areas of liverpool ________ and open spaces as ________.
Urban ________ is forming part of the city’s regeneration. Planners are trying to increase and preserve open _____ such as public ____ and _______
social and economic challenges
Unhealthy lifestyles e.g. drinking, smoking and poor diets, are more common in ______ areas.
Life expectancy in _______ is over 10 years lower than than it is in wealthier areas of the city.
environmental challenges
as people left _____ city areas, buildings were left empty.
derelict buildings were targets for ______ and ________. many areas, e.g. ______ became rundown
urban sprawl puts pressure on the rural-urban fringe
large _______ estates e.g. _______ park, have been built on _____ greenfield land.
This provides a pleasant environment for people to live in but also means that open spaces are ____ and __________ are damaged or destroyed.
urban change in Liverpool
social and economic opportunities
employment- the tourism and service sectors ( e.g. health and finance) now offer many jobs, along with new business developments, e.g. liverpool science park. development of the ‘Baltic Triangle’ area of the city has seen the conversion of derelict factories and warehouses into spaces for creative industries, such as art and film making
environmental opportunities
the decline of industry left many areas of liverpool rundown and ope spaces as wasteland. urban greening is forming part of the city’s regeneration. planners are trying to increase and preserve open spaces such as public parks and gardens.
social and economic challenges
unhealthy lifestyles e.g. drinking, smoking and poor diets, are more common in deprived areas.
life expectancy in Toxteth is over 10 years lower than than it is in wealthier areas of the city.
environmental challenges
as people left inner city areas, buildings were left empty.
derelict buildings were targets for graffiti and vandalism. many areas, e.g. Toxteth became rundown
urban sprawl puts pressure on the rural-urban fringe
large housing estates e.g. croxteth park, have been built on rural greenfield land.
This provides a pleasant environment for people to live in but also means that open spaces are lost and ecosystems are damaged or destroyed.
sustainable urban living
water conservation schemes
- collecting rainwater for use on _______
or for ..
- encouraging people to use less water, by …
energy conservation schemes
- promoting renewable energy sources over traditional coal or …
- encouraging people to use less energy at homes, by …
sustainable urban living
water conservation schemes
- collecting rainwater for use on gardens
or for flushing toilets
- encouraging people to use less water, by turning taps off whilst brushing teeth
energy conservation schemes
- promoting renewable energy sources over traditional coal or gas fired power stations
- encouraging people to use less energy at homes, by turning off lights when not needed
having so many _______ on the road leads to traffic congestion, which causes problems:
environmentally - lots of traffic increases air ________ + releases ________ gases which …
socially - higher chance of _______, health _____, delays ________ vehicles
economically - delays _____ deliveries, which causes …
London’s __________ system reduces traffic congestion as it takes _ million passengers off the roads ________
… are available to hire as 30 mins at a time, and are cheaper than other forms of public transport
having so many vehicles on the road leads to traffic congestion, which causes problems:
environmentally - lots of traffic increases air pollution + releases greenhouse gases which contributes to climate change
socially - higher chance of accidents, health issues, delays emergency vehicles
economically - delays lorry deliveries, which causes companies to lose money
London’s underground system reduces traffic congestion as it takes 3 million passengers off the roads everyday
self service bike are available to hire as 30 mins at a time, and are cheaper than other forms of public transport
HDI is …
HDI
Human Development Index
number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per capita
every country has an HDI value between 0 and 1
1 being most developed
development and the DTM
stage 1
_____ developed, birth rate high because no __________,
poor healthcare means …
death rate high due to ____ healthcare or _____, life expectancy and ______ is low
e.g. …
stage 2
not very developed , many ___ are in this stage
economy is based on ________ so people have lots of ________ (birth rate high) to work on farms,
_____ rates fall due to improved _________ and ____ so life expectancy increases
e.g. …
stage 3 more developed most \_\_\_\_ are at stage 3. Birth rate falls rapidly as ... use of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases and more women \_\_\_\_ instead of having children e.g. ...
stage 4 + 5
most developed
most ____ are at one of these stages
birth rates are ___ as people want _________ and a high quality of life
may have dependant elderly relatives, so …
health care is good so the death rate is ___ and life expectancy and income is ___
development and the DTM
stage 1
least developed, birth rate high because no contraception,
poor healthcare means many infants die
death rate high due to poor healthcare or famine, life expectancy and income is low
e.g. tribes in brazil
stage 2
not very developed , many LICs are in this stage
economy is based on agriculture so people have lots of children (birth rate high) to work on farms,
death rates fall due to improved healthcare and diet so life expectancy increases
Gambia HDI = 0.4
stage 3
more developed
most NEEs are at stage 3.
Birth rate falls rapidly as women have a more equal place in society + better education
use of contraception increases and more women work instead of having children
India HDI = 0.6
stage 4 + 5
most developed
most HIC’s are at one of these stages
birth rates are low as people want possessions and a high quality of life.
may have dependant elderly relatives. so there is less money available for having children
health care is good so the death rate is low and life expectancy and income is high
physical factors can affect how developed a country is
a poor climate
if a country has a poor climate … this reduces the amount of food produced.
in some countries this can lead to ________, e.g. chad and Ethiopia
people who are malnourished have a …
lots of natural disasters
countries that are prone to NDs e.g. Bangladesh which floods regularly have to … after disaster occurs and this reduces quality of life as NDs reduce the amount of money the gov. has to spend on …
physical factors can affect how developed a country is
a poor climate
if a country has a poor climate not much will grow. this reduces the amount of food produced.
in some countries this can lead to malnutrition, e.g. chad and Ethiopia
people who are malnourished have a low quality of life
lots of natural disasters
countries that are prone to NDs e.g. Bangladesh which floods regularly have to spend lots of money rebuilding after disaster occurs and this reduces quality of life as NDs reduce the amount of money the gov. has to spend on development projects
historical reasons affect how developed a country is
conflict
war, especially _____ wars, can reduce levels of __________ even after the war is over e.g. healthcare becomes … and things like infant mortality ________
money is spent on … instead of development, people are _______ and damage is done to …
historical reasons affect how developed a country is
conflict
war, especially civil wars, can reduce levels of development even after the war is over e.g. healthcare becomes much worse and things like infant mortality increases
money is spent on arms and fighting instead of development, people are killed and damage is done to infrastructure and property
Economic factors can affect how developed a country is
a country’s more likely to be less developed if it has:
poor trade links
if a country has poor trade links it …
lots of debt
very poor countries borrow money from other _______ and … e.g. cope with aftermath of ND
this money has to be paid back
any money a country makes is used to …
Economic factors can affect how developed a country is
a country’s more likely to be less developed if it has:
poor trade links
if a country has poor trade links it won’t make a lot of money, so there’ll be less to spend on development
lots of debt
very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations e.g. cope with aftermath of ND
this money has to be paid back
any money a country makes is used to pay back the debt so isn’t used to develop
strategies that reduce the development gap
debt relief
when …, this means they have more … rather than to pay back the debt
e.g. Zambia, ________ Africa had $_ billion of debt cancelled in _____, in _____ they had enough money to … for millions of people living in _____ areas, which improved their quality of life
Tourism can also provide ___________ as there will be more money entering the country, countries like _____ are using tourism to …
strategies that reduce the development gap
debt relief
when some or all of a countries debt is cancelled, this means they have more money to develop rather than to pay back the debt
e.g. Zambia, southern Africa had $4 billion of debt cancelled in 2005, in 2006 they had enough money to start a free healthcare scheme for millions of people living in rural areas, which improved their quality of life
Tourism can also provide increased income as there will be more money entering the country, countries like Kenya are using tourism to increase their development
Tourism is helping Kenya increase its development
Kenya is an LIC, in East Africa
+
tourism now contributes over __% of Kenya’s GDP - money that can be spent on …
_
only a small proportion of the money earned goes to ____. the rest goes to big ________, often based in ____ overseas, so doesn’t help close ….
Tourism vehicles damage the environment. e.g …
Tourism is helping Kenya increase its development
Kenya is an LIC, in East Africa
-
tourism now contributes over 12% of Kenya’s GDP - money that can be spent on development and improving quality of life
+
only a small proportion of the money earned goes to locals. the rest goes to big companies, often based in HICs overseas, so doesn’t help close the development gap
Tourism vehicles damage the environment. e.g. safari vehicles destroying vegetation and disturbing animals
Trans- National Corporations
+
create ____
TNCs spend money to improve the ____________, e.g. _____________
_
employees in poorer countries may be … than employees in richer countries
employees in poorer countries may have to … in poor conditions
Trans- National Corporations
+
create jobs
TNCs spend money to improve the local infrastructure, e.g. airports and roads
_
employees in poorer countries may be paid lower wages than employees in richer countries
employees in poorer countries may have to work long hours in poor conditions
