geog 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 Flashcards
what are features of cities?
-large population size
-high population density
- large built-up area
range of functions
define population density
population density is a measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land. ( number of people living in an area / land area )
what are built-up areas?
cities are built-up areas . this means that the ( land surface is mostly covered by buildings) . cities also have extensive infrastructure, which is a system of buildings and equipment to provide basic services such as water, electricity, sanitation, telecommunications and transport for its residents.
examples of range of functions / activities
- administrative function
- commercial activities
- educational activities
- economic function e.g. manufacturing industries that produce and sell a variety of products such as paper and cars (jakrarta)
what are some characteristics of rural areas?
- lower population size
- lower population density
- fewer functions
- less built-up
what are push factors?
reasons that make migrants want to leave their place of origin
what are pull factors?
reasons that attract migrants towards a destination
pull factors for rural-urban migration (factors that attract people to move to the city)
- more job opportunities to earn higher salary
- more education opportunities
- more facilities (education, healthcare)
- safer
push factors for urban-rural migration (reasons people want to move out of rural areas)
- harsh working conditions
- lack of basic resources e.g. food, water
- social unrest
- lack of jobs
push factors for urban-rural migration (reasons people want to move out of the city)
-stressful working environment
-pollution
high cost of living
pull factors for urban-rural migration (reasons why people want to move to rural areas)
- slower and more relaxing pace of life
- lower cost of living
- cleaner environment
how does cities depend on rural areas?
-rural areas depend on the amenities available in the city e.g. universities. hospitals. malls
-rural farmers depend on city people for income by selling their animals and crops in the city
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cities depend on rural areas for much of their food supply.
what opportunities are there for people in the city?
- education – cities are centres of learning: they are home to a variety of educational institutions, schools and universities that cater to different interests
- employment – more jobs; businesses thrive because of the developed infrastructure, availability of services and opportunities. they can hire directly from a large pool of skilled employees
- technological innovation – many skilled people + funding from government; can improve quality of life
what are challenges people in cities face? [pollution]
- water pollution – improper management of household and industrial waste due to inadequate or broken sewage system –> water quality is reduced; threatens human health and aquatic life
- air pollution –large amounts of fossil fuels and coals consumed, high volume of vehicular traffic and emissions from factories. can lead to respiratory infection, lung cancer, heart disease, and death. poor health = increased demand for healthcare services
what are challenges people in cities face? [competition for natural resources]
- competition for land – cities may expand towards rural areas, replacing forests and farmlands, or levelling hills. parts of the current city could be rebuilt to use land more intensively, such as by replacing low-lying buildings with taller ones. competition for land also causes unhappiness when existing residents are relocated to make way for new buildings for other uses.
- competition for water – compromised by competition for land, which limits the construction or expansion of reservoirs, high population growth, people’s consumption habits and prolonged drought causes water levels in reservoirs to drop.
