geog 220 midterm 2 Flashcards
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Which of the following is classified as having especially low incomes,high economic vulnerability, and poor human indicators?
Least developed countries
Which of the following explicitly distinguished between north and south, and rich and poor?
Brandt Report
With reference to nations of the world, why are the terms more developed and less developed to be preferred?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Relative rather than absolute
- Developed and underdeveloped implies that nothing can change
- North and south are geographically misleading
If a less developed country wants to qualify for a structural adjustment program (SAP), what must they do?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Adopt free market policies (yes) adopt top-down free-market economic policies via SAP
- Privatize previously state-owned enterprises (yes)
- Reduce government spending (yes)
If we talk about terms, and you have various terms but only one describes the monetary measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given period?
GDP
Suppose someone asks in comparison to more developed countries, less developed nations experience what?
COMBINATION
- High motality rates
- High fertility rates
- Lower levels of Industrialization
- Low levels of literacy
Why do some critics believe that such things as GDP or GNP are inappropriate?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- Don’t take into account either the spatial distribution of economic benefits or real-life conditions that less developed countries face
- Do not consider population displacement
- Do not consider vulnerability to environmental extremes
Why has the world bank groups countries into low income, lower-middle, upper middle, high income categories. When they do that, what are they basing it one?
GNI per Capita
Those who argue that a country or a region, when they look at cultural economic change and they look at it independently in an evolutionary manner. What is this the term for?
Developmentalism
An analysis of cultural and economic change that treats each country or region of the world independently in an evolutionary manner
What measuring tool measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services to compare cost of living between countries?
PPP - Purchasing power parity
The HDI is based on which of the three goals of development?
Health, education and income
What are the characteristics of Rostow’s first stage of development?
Subsistence agriculture
Which of the following is a characteristic of Rostow’s 5th and final stage of development?
Age of high mass consumption:
What ancient civilizations develop in some areas due to a transition from what to what?
Hunting and gathering societies to agricultural societies
Jared Diamond’s theory on the spread of agriculture, Eurasia, unlike Africa and Americas, was much better at agricultural technologies, because of an axis. Which axis was it?
East to West
With a global food problem, what’s causing this global food problem?
Political Instability
When a refugee leaves their home but stays within their own country?
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
Earthquakes occur every year in Canada, how many?
500
WHO NEEDS VACCINATIONS FOR MALARIA?
Young Children
Going abroad to see your family, every year you work and send money back home - what is the term for this?
Remittances
What are researchers saying is the new factory of the world? In the future
Africa
Nostrand and Estaville describe a homeland,as having…?
ALL OF THE ABOVE
- People
*Place - Sense of place
- Control of place
Define culture
Way of life of society’s members
The delimiting cultural regions requires decisions on which of the following points:
All of the above
- Criteria for inclusions
- Date or time period
- Spatial scale
- Boundary lines
Which of the following is a concept based on the likely importance of initial occupancy in determining later landscape?
First effective settlement
As humans settled the earth, culture evolved in close association with the physical environment. Over time, cultural adaptations brought increasing freedom from what?
Environmental constraint
Cultural adaptation is the central process by which sound relationship between humans and BLANK:
Environment (Physical Environment)
Cultural diffusion - an innovation as a new farming technology will first be adopted to its source and later greater distance. Definition of:
Neighborhood effects
Cultural diffusion - hierarchical effect is evident when larger centers adopt first and subsequent diffusion spread down the urban hierarchy. This is likely to occur where the receptive population is BLANK?
Urban rather than rural
Which of the following is the core region of canada? The cultural and economic heartland
Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowlands
Which of the following terms are defined as the feeling of dislike according to place
Topophobia
First language is a cultural variable so that humans can communicate between groups for what activities?
Hunting
According to McWhorter, there was a phase of human unity in sub saharan africa, where there was research on phonemes that found that the smallest sounds that differentiate meaning such as th, f, or s, result in words with different meanings when placed in front of, what was the date when human unity occured?
150k years ago
Of the roughly 7000 distinct languages that existed 4000 years ago, how many have disappeared?
1000
How many languages are endangered according to UNESCO
2,500
96% of the world’s population only speak how many of the world’s languages in %?
4%
Scholars have found evidence of language distribution patterns dating how many years ago?
50,000
Evidence of language evolution dates back to how many years ago?
2.5M
Which of the following language families has the largest number of speakers?
Indo European
Which of the following language families has the largest number of languages?
Niger-Congo
Interesting feature of spatial distribution of language, temperate areas have few languages with many speakers: Why do languages can’t go from place A to B?
Natural Barriers
The parent of all Indo-European probably evolved as a distinct means of communication between what years, how many years ago?
6000 and 4500 BCE
The parent of all Indo-European evolved in what cultures?
Kurgan culture of the Russian steppe region
OR
in a farming culture in the Danuve valley
Where is the most remarkable example of linguistic diversity in Southeast Asia?
Papua New Guinea, which has about 800 distinct languages
Who were the earliest Indo-Europeans to settle in England?
Gaelic-speaking people who arrived after 2500 BCE
Which of the following is the most appropriate as the first true global language?
English
Which of the following languages is the most diverse with 500,000 words?
English
Default language in the European Union is BLANK
English
Switzerland is a prime example of a viable political unit with how many languages?
4
Belgium, which country is like Belgium?
Canada
What is the official language of Nigeria?
English
Language is developed as simplified ways of communicated between which of two language groups?
Colonizers and the colonized
Lingua Franca? What is it?
An existing language that is used as a common means of communications between different language groups.
ex: Swahili (african x arab)
What’s the name of the first language that was invented for common use between all people?
Esperanto
What does the term toponym mean?
Place names (toponyms) - naming places for 2 reasons
1) give meaning
2) serving phycological need
What is the leading religion of the world?
Christianity
What is a monotheistic religion - definition?
A religion in which adherents worship only 1 god
Two major religious “hearth” areas are?
Indo-Gangetic - lowland north india - hinduisn, boudism, jainism, sikhism
Semitic (near east) -judaism. christianism, islam
What is a polytheistic religion?
multiple gods
Which religion has the highest numbers of adherents in Asia?
Islam
What is the largest ethnic religion?
Hinduism
Sikhism and Jainism - What religion did they come out of?
Hinduism
What is the major cause of death amongst the Indigenous communities?
Suicide and Tuberculosis
Landscape of despair, landscapes of fear definition, Pariah Landscape?
Landscape of despair/pariah landscape: the inner-city landscape of despair of homeless people, expresses exclusion and spatial reflections of social injustice
Landscape of fear -> result in restricted use of public space, most people have mental maps identifying some areas as safe and others as dangerous, although certain “safe” areas may actually be so only for certain groups or during daylight hours. Large, open spaces, such as parks, are often perceived as unsafe, as are closed areas with limited exits, such as trains
Pariah Landscapes -> ghetto areas in cities, Indigenous reserves lands in CAN and USA
What do you call it when a ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society?
Assimilation -> the process by which an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society and loses its own identity
Acculturation -> the process by which an ethnic group is absorbed into a larger society while retaining aspects of distinct identity
What was the meaning behind the Canadian immigration act?
This policy endorses the right of ethnic groups to remain distinct rather than be assimilated into a dominant society?
What are the specific aboriginal people groups that are recognized in the Canadian institution?
First Nations, Metis, Inuit
What was the oka crisis
Confrontation between the Mohawk Nation and Quebec authorities
Elimination of violence against women? Why is it a thing?
1/ 3 women in the world will be abused, beaten, or forced into sex in her lifetime and it has caused gender inequality in society
