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Geog 190 Exam > Geog 190 Exam > Flashcards

Geog 190 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Objects also _____ that has been emitted by other objects.

A

Reflect radiation

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2
Q

All objects emit __? Except objects at __?

A

Electromagnetic Radiation, Absolute Zero

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3
Q

The most familiar form of Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Visible Light

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4
Q

Generated by several mechanisms, including changes in the energy levels of electrons, acceleration of electrical charges, decay of radioactive substances, and the thermal motion of atoms and molecules

A

Electromagnetic (EM) energy

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5
Q

As this radiation approaches the Earth, it passes through the atmosphere before reaching the Earth’s surface. What happens to it?

A

Some is reflected upward from the Earth’s surface, some is absorbed at the surface of the Earth and is then reradiated as thermal energy.

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6
Q

____ Radiation, such as that generated by imaging radars, is also used for remote sensing

A

Man-Made Radiation

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7
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation consists of ____ which varies in magnitude in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and ____ which is oriented at right angles to the electrical field and is propagated in phase with the electrical field.

A

Electrical field (E), Magnetic field (H)

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8
Q

The distance from one wave crest to the next

A

Wavelength

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9
Q

Measured as the number of crests passing a fixed point in a given period of time.

A

Frequency

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10
Q

Equivalent to the height of each peak. Often measured as energy levels (formally known as spectral irradiance), expressed as watts per square meter per micrometer (i.e., as energy level per wavelength interval).

A

Amplitude

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11
Q

Specifies the extent to which the peaks of one waveform align with those of another. Measured in angular units, such as degrees or radians.

A

Phase (of a waveform)

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12
Q

If two waves are aligned, they oscillate together and are said to be ____? (a phase shift of 0 degrees).

A

In Phase

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13
Q

If a pair of waves are aligned such that the crests match with the troughs, they are said to be ____?

A

Out of Phase

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14
Q

Which spectrum, from 0.30 to 15 µm, defines those wavelengths that can be reflected and refracted with lenses and mirrors.

A

Optical Spectrum

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15
Q

Which spectrum extends from about 0.38 to 3.0 µm; it defines that portion of the solar spectrum used directly for remote sensing.

A

Reflective Spectrum

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16
Q

Radiation of significance for remote sensing can be said to begin with the ____ region, a zone of short-wavelength radiation that lies between the X-ray region and the limit of human vision. Means “beyond the violet”. Since it’s easily scattered by the Earth’s atmosphere, it is not generally used for remote sensing of Earth materials.

A

Ultraviolet / Ultraviolet Radiation

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17
Q

The ____ of an object is defined by the color of the light that it reflects

A

Color

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18
Q

Limits of the ____are defined by the sensitivity of the human visual system

A

Visible Spectrum

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19
Q

Primary Colors (Answer based on wavelength): 0.4 to 0.5 µm, 0.5 to 0.6 µm, 0.6 to 0.7 µm

A

Blue, Green, Red

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20
Q

Equal proportions of the three additive primaries combine to form what?

A

White / White light

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21
Q

Each of the three subtractive primaries absorbs a third of the visible spectrum (Color Absence). Yellow absorbs ____, Cyan absorbs ____, and Magenta absorbs ____?

A

Blue, Red, Green

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22
Q

A mixture of equal proportions of pigments of the three subtractive primaries yields ___?

A

Black

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23
Q

Wavelengths longer than the red portion of the visible spectrum are designated as the ___? It extends from 0.72 to 15 µm—making it more than ____ times as wide as the visible light spectrum.

A

Infrared / Infrared Region, 40

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24
Q

Defined as those regions of the infrared spectrum closest to the visible. Can use films, filters, and cameras with designs similar to those intended for use with visible light. Essentially solar radiation reflected from the Earth’s surface

A

Near Infrared and Mid Infrared radiation

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25
Q

Consisting of wavelengths well beyond the visible, extending into regions that border the microwave region, emitted by the Earth. Consists of “heat,” or “thermal energy”.

A

Far Infrared / Far Infrared Region

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26
Q

In this region, the longest wavelengths commonly used in remote sensing are those from about 1 mm to 1 µm in wavelength. The shortest wavelengths in this range have much in common with the thermal energy of the far infrared. The longer wavelengths of this region merge into the radio wavelengths used for commercial broadcasts.

A

Microwave / Microwave Region

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27
Q

Planck discovered that electromagnetic energy is absorbed and emitted in discrete units called ____? The size of each unit is directly proportional to the ____ of the energy’s radiation.

A

Quanta or Photons, Frequency

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28
Q

The generation of electric currents by the exposure of certain substances to light, as the effect of the impact of these discrete units of energy (quanta) on surfaces of certain metals, causing the emission of electrons.

A

Photoelectric Effect

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29
Q

Made the wave model of electromagnetic radiation.

A

James Clerk Maxwell

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30
Q

Based on the assumption from classical (mechanical) physics that light and other forms of electromagnetic energy propagate as a series of waves. Best explains some aspects of the observed behavior of electromagnetic energy (e.g., refraction by lenses and prisms and diffraction), whereas quantum theory provides explanations of other phenomena (notably, the photoelectric effect).

A

Wave Model

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31
Q

The rate at which photons (quanta) strike a surface. Measured in Watts (W)

A

Radiant Flux (Fe)

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32
Q

____ measures radiation that strikes a surface, _____ defines the rate at which radiation is emitted from a unit area (also measured in watts per square meter)

A

Irradiance, Radiant Exitance

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33
Q

All objects with temperatures above absolute zero have _____ and ____ energy.

A

Temperature, Emit

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34
Q

The amount of energy and the wavelengths at which it is emitted depend on the ____ of the object.

A

Temperature

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35
Q

As the temperature of an object increases, the total amount of energy emitted also _____, and the wavelength of maximum (peak) emission becomes ______.

A

Increases, Shorter

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36
Q

A _____ is a hypothetical source of energy that behaves in an idealized manner. It absorbs all incident radiation; none is reflected. Emits energy with perfect efficiency. A hypothetical entity because in nature all objects reflect at least a small proportion of the radiation that strikes them and thus do not act as perfect reradiators of absorbed energy.

A

Blackbody

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37
Q

_____ states that the ratio of emitted radiation to absorbed radiation flux is the same for all blackbodies at the same temperature.

A

Kirchhoff’s Law

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38
Q

The emissivity of a true blackbody is __, and that of a perfect reflector (a whitebody) would be ___.

A

1, 0

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39
Q

_____ is a useful measure of their effectiveness as radiators of electromagnetic energy. Those objects that tend to absorb high proportions of incident radiation and then to reradiate this energy will have high ones and vice versa.

A

Emissivity

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40
Q

Defines the relationship between the total emitted radiation (W) (often expressed in watts · cm–2) and temperature (T) (absolute temperature, K).

A

Stefan–Boltzmann Law

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41
Q

S-B law states that ___ blackbodies emit more energy per unit area than do ___ blackbodies.

A

Hot, Cool

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42
Q

Specifies the relationship between the wavelength of radiation emitted and the temperature of a blackbody.

A

Wien’s Displacement Law

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43
Q

According to Wien’s Displacement Law, as blackbodies become ____, the wavelength of maximum emittance shifts to _____ wavelengths.

A

Hotter, Shorter

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44
Q

__ passing through the atmosphere undergoes modification through scattering, absorption, and refraction.

A

Solar Energy

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45
Q

The redirection of electromagnetic energy by particles suspended in the atmosphere or by large molecules of atmospheric gases

A

Scattering

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46
Q

The effect of scattering is to redirect ____ so that a portion of the incoming solar beam is directed back toward space, as well as toward the Earth’s surface.

A

Radiation

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47
Q

Occurs when atmospheric particles have diameters that are very small relative to the wavelength of the radiation. It is also ______, meaning that the amount of scattering changes greatly as one examines different regions of the spectrum. Also sometimes referred to as _____

A

Rayleigh Scattering, Wavelength Dependent, Clear Atmosphere Scattering

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48
Q

At sunset, only the _____ wavelengths pass through, hence the sky being color orange or red.

A

Longer

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49
Q

Involves larger atmospheric particles like dust, pollen, smoke, and water droplets.
Those particles that cause this scattering have diameters that are roughly equivalent to the wavelength of the scattered radiation. It is also _______, but it tends to be greatest in the lower atmosphere (0 to 5 km), where larger particles are abundant.

A

Mie Scattering, Wavelength Dependent

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50
Q

Caused by particles that are much larger than the wavelength of the scattered radiation. For radiation in and near the visible spectrum, such particles might be larger water droplets or large particles of airborne dust. It is ________, meaning that it is not wavelength dependent hence we observe it as a whitish or grayish haze because all visible wavelengths are scattered ____.

A

Nonselective Scattering, Nonselective, Equally

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51
Q

Atmosphere has its own ____ due to scattering.

A

Brightness

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52
Q

Alters colors and brightness of objects in landscapes based on distance from the observer called ______

A

Atmospheric Perspective

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53
Q

Scattering affects remote sensing by excluding ______ wavelengths because it is greatly affected by scattering (Short-Wave Radiations)

A

Blue and Ultraviolet

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54
Q

Scattering makes dark objects appear brighter and bright objects appear darker, reducing _____.

A

Contrast

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55
Q

Bending of light rays at the contact area between two media that transmit light.

A

Refraction

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56
Q

Defined as the ratio between the velocity of light (c) in a vacuum and its velocity in the medium (cn). Assuming uniform media, light passing into a denser medium is deflected toward the surface normal.

A

Index of Refraction (n)

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57
Q

Defines the angle that the refracted ray follows as it passes from one medium to another.

A

Snell’s Law

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58
Q

_____ of radiation occurs when the atmosphere hinders/prevents transmission of radiation or its energy through the atmosphere.

A

Absorption

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59
Q

______ is formed by the interaction of high-energy ultraviolet radiation with oxygen molecules (O2) high in the atmosphere. Absorption of UV (mainly less than 0.24 μm) prevents transmission of this radiation to the lower atmosphere.

A

Ozone

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60
Q

______ absorbs in the mid and far infrared regions. Also occurs in low concentrations (about 0.03% by volume of a dry atmosphere), mainly in the lower atmosphere. Its strongest absorption occurs in the region from about (13 to 17.5 μm) in the mid infrared.

A

Carbon Dioxide

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61
Q

____ is several times more effective in absorbing radiation than the other two gases combined. Commonly present in the lower atmosphere (below about 100 km) in amounts that vary from 0 to about 3% by volume.

A

Water Vapor

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62
Q

Atmosphere is not completely transparent due to gases because these gases together form important barriers to transmission of electromagnetic radiation through the atmosphere. The atmosphere selectively transmits energy of certain wavelengths and those wavelengths that are relatively easily transmitted through the atmosphere are referred to as _____.

A

Atmospheric Windows

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63
Q

Atmospheric Windows defines the wavelengths that can be used for forming ____.

A

Images

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64
Q

______ occurs within atmospheric processes.

A

Remote Sensing

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65
Q

Sun emits maximum intensity at approximately ____ µm

A

0.5

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66
Q

_______, with wavelengths longer than 10 μm, represents sensible heat or thermal radiation. Earth’s atmosphere absorbs much of the radiation emitted by Earth
Only wavelengths passing through atmospheric windows can be used for remote sensing

A

Terrestrial Radiation

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67
Q

Heating of the lower atmosphere by the ground surface, which causes upward movement of air, then movement of cooler air to replace the original air.

A

Turbulent Transfer

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68
Q

Occurs when a ray of light is redirected as it strikes a nontransparent surface.
It depends on surface nature (roughness or smoothness), wavelength, and angle of illumination

A

Reflection

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69
Q

______ reflection for smooth surfaces.
Redirects all, or almost all, of the incident radiation in a single direction.

A

Specular Reflection

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70
Q

For specular surfaces, the angle of incidence is _____ to the angle of reflection

A

Equal

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71
Q

_______ reflection for rough surfaces
Also known as _______.
Energy is scattered more or less equally in all directions.

A

Diffuse Reflection, Isotropic Reflector

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72
Q

Lambert’s cosine law and inverse square law govern _________

A

Reflection Brightness

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73
Q

Reflection characteristics of a surface are described by the ______, a mathematical description of the optical behavior of a surface with respect to angles of illumination and observation, given that it has been illuminated with a parallel beam of light at a specified azimuth and elevation.

A

Bidirectional Reflectance
Distribution Function (BRDF)

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74
Q

_______ occurs when radiation passes through a substance without significant attenuation. Measured as transmitted radiation over incident radiation

A

Transmission

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75
Q

Occurs when an object illuminated with radiation of one wavelength emits radiation at a different wavelength.
It can reveal differences between healthy and stressed leaves through contrasting surfaces

A

Fluorescence

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76
Q

Denotes the orientation of oscillations within the electric field of electromagnetic energy. _____ sunglasses reduce glare by absorbing horizontally polarized bright radiation.

A

Polarization, Polarizing

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77
Q

Within the atmosphere, polarization of light is related to the nature and ________ of atmospheric aerosols and atmospheric clarity.

A

Abundance

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78
Q

_______ is the relative brightness of a surface expressed as a ratio of observed brightness to irradiance. As a ratio, it is a dimensionless number (between 0 and 1). It is commonly expressed as a percentage and is crucial in remote sensing applications.

A

Reflectance

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79
Q

In the instance of emitted (far infrared) radiation, the ______is the immediate source of radiation. For reflected radiation, _____ may be the source.

A

Object itself, The sun

80
Q

______ patterns help identify features based on unique spectral characteristics.
Using cameras and other remote sensing instruments, we can observe the brightnesses of objects over a range of wavelengths, so that there are numerous points of comparison between brightnesses of separate objects.

A

Spectral Response

81
Q

A set of such observations or measurements constitutes a spectral response pattern, sometimes called the ________ of an object.

A

Spectral Signature

82
Q

Remote sensing strategies

A

recording the reflection of solar radiation from Earth’s surface, record radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface

83
Q

Belonging to a third class of remote sensing instruments generate their own energy, then record the reflection of that energy from the Earth’s surface.

A

Sensors

84
Q

These sensors generate their own energy, transmit energy toward Earth’s surface and record reflected energy.
Best represented by imaging radars and lidars

A

Active Remote Sensing

85
Q

Instruments sense energy emitted by the Earth, reveals information about thermal properties of materials, patterns of moisture, vegetation, surface materials, and man-made structures

A

Passive Remote Sensing

86
Q

Sources of Emitted Radiation: Give like 2 idk

A

Emitted radiation from Earth’s surface such as Geothermal energy, heat from steam pipes, power plants, buildings, and forest fires

87
Q

Systems for acquiring _____? rely on the basic components common to the familiar handheld cameras we all have used for everyday photography. These systems include:

A

Aerial Images,
1. Lens
2. Light-sensitive surface
3. Shutter
4. Camera body

88
Q

System; to gather light to form an image

A

Lens

89
Q

System; To record the image

A

Light-sensitive surface

90
Q

System; Controls entry of light

A

Shutter

91
Q

System; A light-tight enclosure that holds the other components together in their correct positions

A

Camera Body

92
Q

Aerial Cameras (Analog) include these components in a structure that differs from that encountered in our everyday experience with cameras:

A

Film Magazine
Drive Mechanism
Lens Cone

93
Q

Whereas other cameras may have been designed to acquire images (for example) of very large areas or under unfavorable operational conditions, the design of the ______? is optimized to acquire high-quality imagery of high positional fidelity; it is the ______? that forms the current standard for aerial photography.

A

Metric Camera

94
Q

A ______? design differs from an analog camera because the image is captured by digital technology, _____? do not require the film and the complex mechanisms for manipulating the film.

A

Digital Camera

95
Q

The _____? gathers reflected light and focuses it on the focal plane to form an image. In its simplest form, a _____? is a glass disk carefully ground into a shape with nonparallel curved surfaces

A

Lens

96
Q

The change in optical densities as light rays pass from the atmosphere to the lens and back to the atmosphere causes _____? of light rays

A

Refraction

97
Q

Optical characteristics of lenses are determined largely by the _________? and the ______?

A

Refractive index of the glass, The degree of curvature

98
Q

Imperfections in lens shape contribute to _______?, a source of error that distorts images and causes loss of image clarity.

A

Spherical Aberration

99
Q

Most aerial cameras use ________?, formed from many separate lenses of varied sizes, shapes, and optical properties.

A

Compound Lenses

100
Q

The ______? joins the centers of curvature of the two sides of the lens.

A

Optical Axis

101
Q

Although refraction occurs throughout a lens, a plane passing through the center of the lens, known as the ________?, is considered to be the _______? within the lens cameras.

A

Image Principal Plane, Center of Refraction

102
Q

The image principal plane intersects the optical axis at the ________?

A

Nodal Point

103
Q

Parallel light rays reflected from an object at a great distance (at an “infinite” distance) pass through the lens and are brought to focus at the principal _____? — the point at which the lens forms an image of the distant object.

A

Focal Point

104
Q

The ______? passes through the nodal point without changing direction; the paths of all other rays are deflected by the lens.

A

Chief Ray

105
Q

A plane passing through the focal point parallel to the image principal plane is known as the _______?

A

Focal Plane

106
Q

In a simple positive lens, the ______? is defined as the distance from the center of the lens to the focal point, usually measured in inches or millimeters.

A

Focal Length

107
Q

For a given lens, the focal length is not identical for all wavelengths.
E.g. blue light brought to a focal point with a shorter distance than red light.
This effect is the source of ______?

A

Chromatic Aberration

108
Q

The field of view of a lens can be controlled by a ____?, a mask positioned just in front of the focal plane.

A

Field Stop

109
Q

An _______? is usually positioned near the center of a compound lens; it consists of a mask with a circular opening of adjustable diameter.

A

Aperture Stop

110
Q

_____? is measured as the diameter of the adjustable opening that admits light to the camera.

A

Aperture Size

111
Q

A ______? f number means that the aperture opening is small relative to focal length; a _____? f number means that the opening is large relative to focal length.

A

Large, Small

112
Q

Why use f numbers rather than direct measurements of aperture?
One reason is that standardization of aperture with respect to focal length permits _________? using a value that is independent of camera size.

A

Specification of Aperture Size

113
Q

Lenses for aerial cameras typically have rather ____?. As a result, light reaching the focal plane from the edges of the field of view is typically dimmer than light reflected from objects positioned near the center of the field of view. This effect creates a dark rim around the center of the aerial photograph—an effect known as _____?

A

Wide FOV, Vignetting

114
Q

It is possible to employ an ________?, darker at the center and clearer at the periphery, that can be partially effective in evening brightnesses across the photograph.

A

Antivignetting Filter

115
Q

The _____? controls the length of time that the film is exposed to light. The simplest shutters are often metal blades positioned between elements of the lens, forming _______? or “between-the-lens,” shutters.

A

Shutter, Intralens

116
Q

An alternative form of shutter is the ______?, consisting of a metal or fabric curtain positioned just in front of the detector array, near the focal plane.

A

Focal Plane Shutter

117
Q

The ______? shutter subjects the entire focal plane to illumination simultaneously and presents a clearly defined perspective that permits use of the image as the basis for precise measurements.

A

Intralens/Between-the-lens

118
Q

High-quality aerial cameras usually include a capability known as _________? (or forward motion compensation) to acquire high-quality images.

A

Image Motion Compensation

119
Q

_______? can be classified according to the orientation of the camera in relation to the ground at the time of exposure

A

Aerial Photographs

120
Q

________? have been acquired by cameras oriented toward the side of the aircraft

A

Oblique Aerial Photographs

121
Q

________? show the horizon; _________? are acquired with the camera aimed more directly toward the ground surface and do not show the horizon.

A

High Oblique Aerial Photographs, Low Oblique Aerial Photographs

122
Q

______? are acquired by a camera aimed directly at the ground surface from above

A

Vertical Photographs

123
Q

The science of making accurate measurements from aerial photographs (or from any photograph) is known as __________?

A

Photogrammetry

124
Q

Analog aerial cameras are manufactured to include _________? attached rigidly to the camera so that the positions of the index marks are recorded on the photograph during exposure.

A

Adjustable Index Marks

125
Q

These ________? (usually four or eight in number) appear as silhouettes at the edges and/or corners of the photograph

A

Fiducial Marks

126
Q

Lines that connect opposite pairs of fiducial marks intersect to identify the __________?, defined as the intersection of the optical axis with the focal plane, which forms the optical center of the image.

A

Principal Point

127
Q

The _________? is defined as the point on the ground vertically beneath the center of the camera lens at the time the photograph was taken

A

Ground Nadir

128
Q

The ____________? is defined by the intersection with the photograph of the vertical line that intersects the ground nadir and the center of the lens (i.e., the image of the ground nadir).

A

Photographic Nadir

129
Q

Accurate evaluation of these features depends on systematic and regular _______? of aerial cameras—the camera’s internal optics and positioning of fiducial marks are assessed and adjusted to ensure the optical and positional accuracy of imagery for photogrammetric applications. ________? can be achieved by using the cameras to photograph a standardized target designed to evaluate the quality of the imagery, as well as by internal measurements of the camera’s internal geometry

A

Calibration

130
Q

The _____? can be defined informally as the focus of tilt.
Imagine a truly vertical photograph that was taken at the same instant as the real, almost vertical, image. The almost vertical image would intersect with the (hypothetical) perfect image along a line that would form a “hinge”; the _________? is a point on this hinge.

A

Isocenter

131
Q

_______? are errors caused by an inferior camera lens, camera malfunction, or similar problems.
These distortions are probably of minor significance in most modern photography flown by professional aerial survey firms.

A

Optical Distortions

132
Q

______? is caused by displacement of the focal plane from a truly horizontal position by aircraft motion (Figure 3.8). The focus of tilt, the _______?, is located at or near the principal point.

A

Tilt, Isocenter

133
Q

Because of routine use of high-quality cameras and careful inspection of photography to monitor image quality, today the most important source of positional error in vertical aerial photography is probably ____________?

A

Relief Displacement

134
Q

__________? can form the basis of measurements of heights of objects, but its greatest significance is its role as a source of positional error.

A

Relief Displacement

135
Q

_______? is acquired using a family of instruments that can systematically view portions of the Earth’s surface, recording photons reflected or emitted from individual patches of ground, known as ________? (“picture elements”), that together compose the array of discrete brightnesses that form an ______?

A

Digital Imagery, Pixels, Image

136
Q

_________? are light-sensitive substances that generate minute electrical currents when they intercept photons from the lens, thereby creating an image from the matrix of brightnesses that is proportional to the strengths of the electrical charges that reach the focal plane.

A

Detectors

137
Q

Digital Cameras have 2 alternative designs of Detectors:

A

Charged-coupled devices (CCDs)
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chips.

138
Q

A _____? is formed from light-sensitive material embedded in a silicon chip.
The ______? receives photons from the scene through an optical system designed to collect, filter, and focus radiation.

A

CCD, Potential Well

139
Q

These elements can be combined using microcircuits to form _____?
Detectors arranged in a single line form a _____?
Detectors arranged in multiple rows and columns form _____?

A

Arrays, Linear Arrays, 2D Arrays

140
Q

At a specified interval, charges accumulated at each detector pass through a ______?, which controls the flow of data from the detectors.

A

Transfer Gate

141
Q

Microcircuits connect detectors within an array to form ____?
These permit charges received at each detector to be passed to adjacent elements (in a manner analogous to a bucket brigade), temporarily recording the information until it is convenient to transfer it to another portion of the instrument.

A

Shift Registers

142
Q

Whereas _____? expose all pixels at the same instant, then read these values as the next image is acquired, _____?instruments expose a single line at a time, then expose the next line in the image while data for the previous line is transferred.

A

CCDs, CMOS

143
Q

_____? captured images frame by frame, meaning that each image was acquired as a single image corresponding to the single image projected into the focal plane at the time the shutter closed.

A

Analog Cameras

144
Q

This photographic frame, acquired at a single instant, forms the fundamental unit for the image—every such image is a frame, a portion of a frame, or a composite of several frames. Such cameras are therefore designated as ________? or ____________? which have formed the standard for analog aerial camera designs.

A

Framing Cameras or Frame-Array Cameras

145
Q

Another design solution for a digital aerial camera is to employ linear rather than area arrays.
One such design employs a camera with separate lens systems to view:

A

The nadir
The forward-looking
The aft-looking position.

146
Q

A large-format-frame digital camera.
It uses four high-resolution panchromatic camera heads (focal length 120 mm) in the center and four multispectral camera heads (focal length 25 mm) on the periphery.

A

The Intergraph Digital Modular Camera (DMC)

147
Q

The _______? employs multiple lens systems and CCDs positioned in the same plane, but with timing of the exposures to offset exposures slightly such that they view the scene from the same perspective center.

A

Vexcel UltraCamX

148
Q

The _____? (Figure 3.15) views the Earth with several linear arrays, each oriented to collect imagery line by line, separately from forward-viewing, nadir-viewing, and aft-viewing orientations.

A

Leica ADS 40

149
Q

The usual digital sensors have ____? that encompass the visible spectrum (with a maximum in the green region) and extend into the near infrared. Although arrays used for consumer electronics specifically filter to exclude the near infrared (NIR) radiation, aerial cameras can use this sensitivity to good advantage.

A

Spectral Sensitivity

150
Q

______? use emulsions that are sensitive over a range of wavelengths, so even if their maximum sensitivity lies in the red, green, or blue regions, they are sensitive to radiation beyond the desired limits.

A

Color Films

151
Q

In contrast, ______? can be designed to have spectral sensitivities cleanly focused in a narrow range of wavelengths and to provide high precision in measurement of color brightness.

A

Digital Sensors

152
Q

One alternative strategy uses a single array to acquire data in the three primaries using a specialized filter, known as a ________?, to select the wavelengths that reach each pixel. It is specifically designed to allocate 50% of the pixels in an array to receive the green primary and 25% each to the red and blue primaries

A

Bayer Filter

153
Q

Peak radiation in the visible region lies in the ___? region.

A

Green

154
Q

______? is the term that remote sensing practitioners use to refer to the assignment of colors to represent brightnesses in different regions of the spectrum.

A

Band Combinations

155
Q

_______? means “across the colors,” indicating that the visible spectrum is represented as a single channel (without distinguishing between the three primary colors).

A

Panchromatic

156
Q

False in the sense that the colors on the image do not match their true colors in nature

A

False-Color Images

157
Q

_______? region of the spectrum is subject to atmospheric scattering, thereby limiting the utility of natural color images acquired at high altitudes.

A

Blue

158
Q

Characterized by wavelengths just longer than the longest region of the visible spectrum. Carries important information about vegetation and is not subject to atmospheric scattering

A

Near-Infrared Region (NIR)

159
Q

Creates a three-band color image by discarding the blue band from the visible spectrum and adding a channel in the NIR

A

Color-Infrared Region (CIR)

160
Q

Calls for acquisition of vertical aerial photographs by flying a series of parallel flight lines that together build up complete coverage of a specific region.

A

Flight Plan

161
Q

For framing cameras, each flight line consists of _____?, usually numbered in sequence

A

Individual Frames

162
Q

The ______? can view the area to be photographed through a viewfinder and can manually trigger the shutter as aircraft motion brings predesignated landmarks into the field of view or can set controls to automatically acquire photographs at intervals tailored to provide the desired coverage

A

Camera Operator

163
Q

If the plane’s course is deflected by a crosswind, the positions of ground areas shown by successive photographs form the pattern shown known as _____?

A

Drift

164
Q

_______? is caused by correction of the flight path to compensate for drift without a change in the orientation of the camera.

A

Crab

165
Q

Usually flight plans call for a certain amount of ________? to duplicate coverage by successive frames in a flight line, usually by about 50–60% of each frame.

A

Forward Overlap

166
Q

If forward overlap is 50% or more, then the image of the principal point of one photograph is visible on the next photograph in the flight line. These are known as ______?

A

Conjugate Principal Points

167
Q

When it is necessary to photograph large areas, coverage is built up by means of several parallel strips of photography;
each strip is called a ______?

A

Flight Line

168
Q

_____? between adjacent flight lines may vary from about 5 to 15%, in an effort to prevent gaps in coverage of adjacent flight lines.

A

Sidelap

169
Q

However, as pilots collect complete photographic coverage of a region, there may still be gaps (known as _____?) in coverage due to equipment malfunction, navigation errors, or cloud cover.

A

Holidays

170
Q

Difference in appearances of objects due to change in perspective. If we have two photographs of the same area taken from different perspectives (i.e., from different camera positions), we observe a displacement of images of objects from one image to the other

A

Stereoscopic Parallax

171
Q

The amount of parallax _______? as objects increase in distance from the observer

A

Decreases

172
Q

Overlapping aerial photographs record parallax due to the shift in position of the camera as aircraft motion carries the camera forward between successive exposures. If forward overlap is 50% or more, then the entire ground area shown on a given frame can be viewed in _____? using ______?

A

Stereo, Stereo Triplet

173
Q

Displacement due to stereo parallax is always_____? to the flight line.

A

Parallel

174
Q

_______? are not planimetric maps because they have geometric errors, most notably the effects of tilts and relief displacement, in the representations of the features they show.

A

Aerial Photographs

175
Q

Corrected form of an aerial photograph that shows photographic detail without the errors caused by tilt and relief displacement.

A

Orthophoto

176
Q

Instead of exposing an entire image from a central perspective (i.e., through a single lens), systematically exposes a small section of an image individually in a manner that corrects for the elevation of that small section.

A

Orthophotoscope

177
Q

Show the fine detail of an aerial photograph without the geometric errors that are normally present and because they can be compiled much more quickly and cheaply than the usual topographic maps.

A

Orthophotomaps

178
Q

______? are orthophotos prepared in a digital format designed to correspond to the 7.5-minute quadrangles of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

A

Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles (DOQs)

179
Q

The ________? is based on the use of digital elevation models (DEMs) to represent variations in terrain elevation. The final product is presented (as either panchromatic or CIR imagery) to correspond to the matching USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle, with a supplementary border of imagery representing 50–300 m beyond the limits of the quadrangle, to facilitate matching and mosaicking with adjacent sheets.

A

Rectification Process

180
Q

A related product, the _______?, formatted to provide a more convenient unit, represents one-fourth of the area of a DOQ at a finer level of detail, is available for some areas.

A

Digital orthophoto Quarterquadrangle (DOQQ)

181
Q

Science of making accurate measurements from photographs.

A

Photogrammetry

182
Q

_______? used for analog photogrammetry have traditionally been prepared on glass plates or other dimensionally stable materials (i.e., materials that do not change in size as temperature and humidity change).

A

Photographs

183
Q

The most frequent application of photogrammetry is the ____? to derive estimates of topographic elevation for topographic mapping.

A

Analysis of Stereo Aerial Photography

184
Q

Photogrammetrists estimate _______? using ______? for an array of points within a region.

A

Topographic Relief, Stereo Parallax

185
Q

______?, now the standard for photogrammetric production, offers advantages of speed and accuracy and generates output data that are easily integrated into other production and analytical systems, including GIS..

A

Soft-copy Photogrammetry

186
Q

Because these systems each collect so many independent views of the same features (due to the use of several lenses, or several linear arrays, as outlined previously), it is possible to apply _______?, which can exploit these redundancies to extract highly detailed positional and elevation data beyond that which was possible using analog photography.

A

Multi-ray Photogrammetry

187
Q

____? often use prisms and filters to separate light into spectral regions.

A

Optical Sensors

188
Q

____? are pieces of specialized glass that selectively pass certain wavelengths and block or absorb those that the designer desired to exclude

A

Filters

189
Q

Most precise (most expensive) filters are manufactured by adding ____? to glass during manufacture. On the other hand,
Less precise, and less durable, filters are manufactured by coating the surface of glass with a ____? that absorbs the desired wavelengths.

A

Dyes, Film

190
Q

Electronic sensors often use _____?, considered more efficient because of their effectiveness, small size, and light weight than filters. They are closely spaced transmitting slits cut into a flat surface (a transmission grating) or grooves cut into a polished surface (a reflection grating).

A

Diffraction Gratings

191
Q

Experiences both interference as wavefronts interact with the grating.
_______? causes some wavelengths to be suppressed
______? causes others to be reinforced.

A

Destructive Interference, Constructive Interference

192
Q

Varies across a specific defined interval because the various filters and diffraction gratings that instruments use to define the spectral limits (i.e., the “colors” that they record) do not define discrete limits,

A

Spectral Sensitivity

193
Q

The spectral interval measured at the level at which the instrument’s response reaches one-half of its maximum value

A

Full width, Half maximum (FWHM)

194
Q

Forms a definition of ______?, the narrowest spectral interval that can be resolved by an instrument

A

Spectral Resolution

195
Q

Specifies the spectral interval used to record brightness in relation to wavelength.

A

Spectral Sampling Interval / Spectral Bandwidth

Geog 190 Exam (2 decks)

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