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geog Flashcards

1
Q

what is a transport network

A

movements between modes linked by routes

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2
Q

what is a node

A

location that provides entry to the transport network

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3
Q

what is a mode

A

Linkage between nodes

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4
Q

network density?

A

the number of nodes and routes in an are4a. The greater the number of routes and nodes in a network, the greater the density of the transport network

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5
Q

a dense transport network?

A

one that is highly developed and well-connected

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6
Q

coverage?

A

availability and reach of infrastructure.

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7
Q

capacity

A

no. of ppl or amt of good that can be moved

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8
Q

frequency

A

no. of occurrences of service

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9
Q

convenience

A

ease of movement

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10
Q

environmental sustainability

A

environmental impact

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11
Q

increased carbon footprint

A

all transport activities consume some form of energy.
burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases

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12
Q

effect 2 for changes to the pyhsical environment

A

roadkill of animals.
when animals cross busy roads to get to the other side of the forest, they collide witrh vehicless.
The collisions kill the animals.

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13
Q

examples of changes of physical environemt by transport system
1. Construction of Bukit Timah Expressway BKE

A

Direct route from Bukit timah to northern parts of sg.
reduces travelling time

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14
Q
  1. Diversion of sg river
A

to construct the underground tunnels for the downtown line stations.

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15
Q

3levelling of mountainous island Chep Lap Kok

A

levelling the island from 100m to 7m above sea level.
Land reclamation was carried out to expand island to fourtimes its original area.

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16
Q

increased carbon footprint

A

all transport activities consume some form of energy.
burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

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17
Q

carbon footprint?

A

measure of greenhouse gases emitted to vsupport human activites.

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18
Q

why transport activites contributes to global warming.

A

transport activites, account for 25%-30% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
when cities grow, transport systems also expand.
greater need and reliant on transport systems for daily commute and travels

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19
Q

transports systems impacxt on ppl?

A

improved mobility for elderly and people with diability
traffic congestion
health risks
safety risks

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20
Q

improve mobility for these people

A

The provision of age-friendly and barrier-free transports systems enable elderly and people with disabilities to move ard and access opportunities independently.
help the elderly and PWDs to overcome barriers and difficulties such as crossing the roads safely.

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21
Q

traffic congestion

A

occurs when road usage approaches and exceeds road capacity.
occurs during peak periods when many people are rushiong to sch or work in the mornings or on their way home from work in the evening

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22
Q

why is traffic congestion impactful?

A

the high traffic volume and slow travelling speed will result in longer travelling times for all road users. This is impactful because it will result in loss of time for road users. The time u lost may have been used for important and essential matters. In a traffic congestion, the vehicles constantly start and stop. This is impact6ful because it will result in loss of money and road usersm. More fuel is burnt when the vehicles constantly start and stop. Fuel burnt is higher during traffic congestion. This is impactful because it leads to more fuel wasted. This increases carbon footprint and worsens air quality in the cities.

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23
Q

examples of health risks

A

are problems that affect the health of individuals, and may be caused by the harmful air pollutants and particulate matter released into the atmosphere. eg breathing difficulties, asthma, eye irritation, lung infection and higher risk of lung cancer.
eg. stress, sleep problems, hearing impairment increased heart rate and elevated blood pressure that are caused by the traffic noise.

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24
Q

why are health risks impactful?

A

may affect quality of life, severely affect the health of individuals and may even cause death; Vehicle emissions caused nearly 5000 premature deaths in the UK and 53000 deaths in the US annually. Excessive noise can disturb sleep, reduce work performance, provoke annoyance or cause mental issues.

25
Q

safety risks

A

safety risks such as road accidents may be reduced by regulating the use of mobile device while driving, setting up more speed cameras, road safety education.
Safety risks such as crimes may
also be reduced through special
infrastructure arrangements such
as gender-segregated
transportation arrangements

Safety risks such as terrorism
may also be deterred through
deploying more resources to
safeguard transport
infrastructures against terrorist
attacks

26
Q

why are safety risks impactful

A

Safety risks are impactful because they may affect the
quality of life, severely affect the health of individuals and
may even cause death

Road accidents will have implications on healthcare,
insurance, damage to properties and on the lives of
individuals

27
Q

what are the strategies to masnage transport systems (3)

A

laws and policies, mobility options, research and development

28
Q

law and policies

A

Needed to ensure road
safety.
Road safety campaigns are
used to raise awareness
and educate road users on
practicing food road safety habits.

Car-lite policies are used to
reduce the car usage. These policies include
encouragement on use of
public transport, walking
and cycling. Cities increase the supply of
public transport.

Road pricing or congestion
pricing are used to manage
road congestion, shape
travel behavior and raise
revenue. Drivers are charged a
premium when they use
certain road during specific
time periods.

29
Q

road pricing or congestion pricing advantages

A

Road pricing or congestion
pricing

Advantages: After the
congestion pricing system is
implemented in Stockholm,
Sweden in 2007, traffic in
and out of the city center
has reduced by 20%, and
traffic delays decreased by
30-50%

30
Q

road pricing or congestion pricing disadvantages

A

In
Singapore, while road
pricing helps to reduce
congestion on certain
roads, traffic is diverted
elsewhere

31
Q

mobility options

A

Different groups of people
have different needs and
are constrained by different
factors. Physical capability,
health-related conditions,
transport costs, transport
system designs and
availability of transport
modes

Provision of barrier-free
transport facilities

E.g. Green Man+ scheme
was implemented to help
elderly and people with
disability to cross the road
safely by giving them 13
more seconds to cross the
road. Traffic lights equipped
with audio signal function
emit beeping sounds to
help the visually impaired
cross the road.

32
Q

advantages of mobility options

A

Providing
barrier-free transport
facilities is important in
developing inclusive
transport systems that
cater to diverse mobility
needs

33
Q

disadvantages of mobility options

A

Installation
of barrier-free transport
facilities with special
features for aged and
disabled is expensive

34
Q

research and development

A

Cities explore ways to make transport
systems more sustainable 🡪 research
and development (R&D). Key R&D include mobile applications
to improve mobility and safer, more
environmentally friendly transport
modes. Greener building materials developed
for transport infrastructure.

E.g. information and technology
enables better trip planning and
facilities sharing of rides and vehicles
E.g. Trip planning apps with real-time
traffic information on travel time,
cost, possible routes

35
Q

research and development 1

A

Advantages: Mobile applications can
shape travel habits and choice of
transport, and help make better plans
for journeys

The convenience makes public transport
an attractive mode of transport

Disadvantage: Information provided is
not always accurate and results in wrong
transport-related decision made

36
Q

research and development 2

A

Advantages: Electric vehicles (EVs)
leaves a smaller carbon footprints as
compared to conventional vehicles

Reduces noise pollution as they
produce less noise on the road

Disadvantage: EVs are more
expensive than conventional
vehicles, and more R&D is needed to
reduce cost of EVs

37
Q

what is housing?

A

Refers to structures or buildings developed to
shelter people from the elements

Often regarded as a basic need

Can be planned or
unplanned

Can be permanent or
temporary

Come in all shapes and
sizes

38
Q

Features of formal housing (built by government or private developers)

A

Built by government or private developers

Formal housing developments are part of urban
planning processes

Undertaken by government or private businesses

E.g. Public housing in Singapore developed by HDB,
together with the supporting amenities such as hawker
centres, roads

E.g. Plots of land sold or leased to private businesses
for developing private housing projects

39
Q

Features of formal housing (Legal right to occupy land)

A

Land rights – Ability of individuals to freely
obtain, use and possess land at their discretion
without impeding rights of others

Housing built by those with legal rights to occupy
the land – May be lived in, sold or leased to

40
Q

Features of formal housing (High quality building materials)

A

Planning authorities’ guidelines ensure high
quality building materials are used – Concrete,
metal and hard wood

Buildings built with such materials are able to
withstand elements – Heavy rain and strong
winds

Also occupants are protected from basic threats
– Fires

Lasts for long time with minimal maintenance

41
Q

Features of informal housing (Self-built squatter settlements)

A

Built in an unplanned manner

Constructed from scavenged materials –
Repurposed zinc sheets and recycled lumber

At risk of collapsing, being flooded on rainy days
or catching fire easily

42
Q

Features of informal housing(No legal right to occupy land)

A

Built on any available, accessible plot of land

May likely occupy undeveloped and unsecured
government land or private property

These housing may be cleared away and residents
evicted

43
Q

Features of informal housing (Lack of access to basic services)

A

Lack access to basic services – Electricity, water
and sanitation

Resorted to illegally tapping electrical grids,
siphoning water from nearby pipes and disposing
of sanitary waste into the ground or nearby rivers

Risk of injury and ill-health due to electrocution,
consumption of contaminated water and
waterborne diseases

44
Q

Where are different housing types found in cities?

A

Found in areas of locally
unwanted land-use

Near landfills, sewage treatment
plants and large, polluting
industries

Near industrial sites as dwellers
want to save travelling time and
cost

45
Q

Use of Natural Resources

Land

A

Use of natural resources include
land – Results in the depletion
of forests

18.7 million acres of forests are
lost each year for urban
population as cities grow

46
Q

Use of Natural Resources

Fossil fuel and resources from mines

A

Resources such as food, water and
building materials are used to build
homes, tools and used as fuel

E.g. steel is acquired through mining,
wood from forests are used to make
furniture and home, fossil fuels are used
for generating electricity to power the
electrical appliances

47
Q

Use of Natural Resources

Water

A

Large cities extract about 80% of water
needs from surface water sources

Large cities consume 504 billion litres
of water a day

48
Q

Environmental Pollution

Pollution

A

Pollution – introduction of
substances that do not normally
belong to the environment which
in large concentration can have
harmful effects on plants, animals
and humans

49
Q

Environmental Pollution

Water Pollution

A

Examples:

Leakages from fuel storage tanks
into water bodies

Dumping of untreated waste
discharge from factories into
water bodies

Agrochemical from agriculture
washed into water

50
Q

Environmental Pollution

Air Pollution

A

Air pollutants from burning of
fossil fuels for energy use and
production

emissions from industries and
motor vehicles

51
Q

Provision of basic needs

A

Provide people with shelter, sanitation or infrastructure
such as water and electricity to met their basic needs

52
Q

Presence of Amenities

A

Amenities are desirable or useful features
that make life easier for the residents

53
Q

Presence of Communities

A

Allows people to meet their
social needs – Spaces for
gathering, making friends and
seeking companionship

54
Q

HOW CAN HOUSING BE SUSTAINABLY MANAGED

A

Provision of Inclusive Public
Housing

Providing a range of housing types of
different sizes (e.g. small apartment for
small families, large apartment for extended
families)

Why is this inclusive?

All urban population can have access to
housing that meets their varying needs

55
Q

HOW CAN HOUSING BE SUSTAINABLY MANAGED 2

A

Provision of Inclusive Public
Housing

Ensuring housing developments can cater
to people of all ages and physical
conditions

Why is this inclusive?

All residents, regardless of age and physical
abilities can feel at ease in their housing
estates

56
Q

Provision of

Inclusive Public Housing advantages

A

Advantages

All urban population can have
access to housing that meets their
varying needs and regardless of
age and physical abilities, can feel
at ease in their housing estates

57
Q

Provision of

Inclusive Public Housing disadvantages

A

It is costly as added cost is needed
to provide access to disadvantaged
groups or groups with special need.
More time and effort is also
needed to vary the designs of
public housing

58
Q

Improvements to the Conditions of
Slums

A

Improvements to the Conditions of
Slums

Enhancing the conditions of informal housing so as to
be more sustainable, compared to demolishing and
resettling their occupants – Allows improved access to
basic services and better building quality while
involving local community in the formulation and
rollout of housing policies

E.g. Brazil’s Favela Bairro slum upgrading
programme

In 1994, favelas are integrated into the rest of the city

Provide basic infrastructure – sewage and lighting,
social services such as child care, community
organisation and development, and land ownership

59
Q

Improvements to the Conditions of
Slums2

A

Improvements to the Conditions of
Slums

Enhancing the conditions of informal
housing while involving local community
allows them to be more motivated to
invest in their own homes and make
improvements to community infrastructure

Informal housing settlements are built on
plots of land not intended for housing use,
may lead to problems in future city
developments. From the example of
Favela Bairro, crime rates,
unemployment and the stigmatisation of
those living in such circumstances still
remain.

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