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GEOG 3010 > GEOG 1100 FUNDAMENTALS REVIEW > Flashcards

GEOG 1100 FUNDAMENTALS REVIEW Flashcards

1
Q

what percentage of the atmosphere is within 30km of the Earth’s surface?

A

99%

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2
Q

what are the two most abundant gases?

A

nitrogen
oxygen

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3
Q

what are permanent gases?

A

compose a constant (in space & time) proportion of atmospheric mass

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4
Q

what are variable gases?

A

percentage of atmospheric mass varies in both time and space

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5
Q

what are aerosols?

A

small solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air that have lower visibility

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6
Q

what are condensation nuclei?

A

suspended aerosols which water vapor condenses form cloud droplets

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7
Q

what is the pressure at earth’s surface?

A

14.7 lbs./in^2

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8
Q

atmospheric pressure _____ with an _____ in height

A

decreases
increase

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9
Q

what is density?

A

mass/volume

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10
Q

what is lapse rate?

A

change in temperature with a change in height

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11
Q

what is isothermal environment?

A

no change in temperature with height

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12
Q

what is an inversion layer?

A

change in the sign of the lapse rate

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13
Q

characteristics of the troposphere?

A

decrease in temperature
day to day weather
tropopause

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14
Q

characteristics of the stratosphere?

A

increase in temperature
ozone
stratopause

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15
Q

characteristics of the mesosphere?

A

decrease in temperature
mesopause

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16
Q

characteristics of the thermosphere?

A

increase in temperature
suns strongest radiation

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17
Q

what is weather?

A
  • short term air temp.
  • air pressure
  • humidity
  • clouds
  • precip.
  • visibility
  • wind
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18
Q

what is climate?

A

long term patterns and average weather
(not just magnitude but also frequency)

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19
Q

how many increments of F to every 5 increments of C and K?

A

nine

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20
Q

how to do fahrenheit?

A

9/5 C + 32

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21
Q

how to do celsius?

A

(F-32) / 1.8

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22
Q

how to do kelvin?

A

C + 273
(273.15 specifically)

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23
Q

what path does the earth have around the sun?

A

elliptical

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24
Q

how does the earth rotate?

A

counterclockwise

25
Q

the amount of energy that reaches earth’s surface is influenced by…

A

a. distance from the sun
b. solar angle
c. length of daylight

26
Q

what is the sub solar point?

A

the location where it is currently noon and is directly overhead at the latitude
- (i.e. sun’s rays are perpendicular to ground)
- (latitude and longitude reference)

27
Q

what is solar declination?

A

latitude of the subsolar point

28
Q

why do we have a solar angle?

A

earth is a sphere and tilted axis, sun’s rays hit the surface at different angles depending upon the latitude of the location

29
Q

what is energy?

A

ability to do work
(pushing/pulling/lifting)

30
Q

what is potential energy?

A

potential for work to be done
(mass x gravity x height)

31
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

energy of a moving object
(half of mass x velocity squared)

32
Q

what is total (internal) energy?

A

KE + PE

33
Q

what is temperature?

A
  • the average amount of kinetic energy of the atoms/molecules of the object
  • (warm objects have fast motions, cold slow)
34
Q

what is heat?

A

process of transferring thermal energy (molecular motion) from 1 object to another

35
Q

what is heat capacity?

A

a measure of how quickly the temperature of an object changes as energy is absorbed by the object

36
Q

what is specific heat?

A

the amount of energy required to raise one gram of substance by 1ºC

37
Q

what is required for high specific heat to heat the object?

A

a lot of energy

38
Q

what is latent heating?

A
  • evaporation or melting
  • bonds between H molecules are broken
39
Q

what is latent cooling?

A
  • condensation and freezing
  • hydrogen bonds are created between molecules
40
Q

what is conduction?

A

transfer of kinetic heat directly from one molecule to another

41
Q

what is convection?

A

transfer of heat by the vertical mass movement of a fluid (liquids and gases)

42
Q

what is radiation?

A

energy transfer via electromagnetic waves

43
Q

is warm air or cool air less dense?

A

warm air

44
Q

“thunderstorms are the king of ____”?

A

convection

45
Q

(meteorology term)
what is convection?

A

vertical air motions

46
Q

(meteorology term)
what is advection?

A

horizontal air motions (caused by wind)

47
Q

** of the following, which is arguably the BEST method to keeping a car colder on a hot sunny summer day?

A

park in the shade !!

48
Q

what is humidity?

A

the quantity of water vapor in the air

49
Q

what is absolute humidity?

A

mass of water vapor per volume of air
g/m^3 = volume

50
Q

what is specific humidity?

A

mass of water vapor / mass of (all) air

50
Q

what is specific humidity?

A

mass of water vapor / mass of (all) air

51
Q

what is mixing ratio?

A

mass of water vapor / mass of dry air

52
Q

what is vapor pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by water vapor molecules in an air parcel

53
Q

what is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

A

total air pressure in a parcel is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

54
Q

what changes of phases release latent heat?

A

condensation
freezing
deposition

55
Q

what changes of phases cool the environment?

A

evaporation
melting
sublimation

56
Q

what is evaporation?

A

liquid to gas
takes in latent heat
cooling process

57
Q

what is condensation?

A

gas to liquid
releases latent heat
warming process

58
Q

what is saturation?

A

equilibrium
condition in which for each molecule evaporates, one condenses

GEOG 3010 (12 decks)

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