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GEOGRAPHY 112 > GEO WEEK 1-13 > Flashcards

GEO WEEK 1-13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the closet star to our planet

A

the sun

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2
Q

Estimated age of earth

A

13-14 b years old

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3
Q

What is the element produced after Big Bang

A

Hydrogen (then came helium)

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4
Q

What are the important components of the star

A

colour and brightness

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5
Q

What is the most studied nebula

A

Crab nebula

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6
Q

When was the sun formed

A

4.56 B years ago
Age of earth is the same age of sun because solar system and matter was made at the same time

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7
Q

2 components of planets

A

terrestrial (rocky) & gaseous

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8
Q

What are the rocky planets

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth Mars are rocky planets

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9
Q

What are gaseous planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gaseous planets

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10
Q

Why did the Dinosaurs go extinct

A

Because of the ENVIRONMENTAL factors of the asteroid

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11
Q

What is the Dino era called

A

Mesozoic

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12
Q

What is the mammal era called

A

Cenozoic

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13
Q

Meteorites

A

Universal asteroids (debris, objects from asteroids)
- only the biggest ones cause craters to earth
- most get disintegrated by earth’s atmosphere
(Iron and metallic)

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14
Q

What is the hottest planet?

A

Venus

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15
Q

What changed human life?

A

Agriculture revolution

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16
Q

Zircons

A

minerals present in meteorites
(Patterson found the age of earth from them)

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17
Q

What is Planetary accretion?

A

How planet earth was formed : intense heat melting of material

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18
Q

What are the 3 earthquake regions?

A
  • Mid Atlantic ridge
    -Alpide Belt -
    -Circum pacific belt : 80% of the earthquakes happen here
    this is where the Tectonic plates meet
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of body waves

A

Primary & Secondary
- P moves longtitudal and S moves transversal

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20
Q

What does P pass through?

A

Solids, liquids and gas

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21
Q

What is the most common sediment

A

Granite

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22
Q

Basalt

A

extrusive igneous rock

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23
Q

Granite

A

intrusive igneous rock

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24
Q

Limestone

A

carbonate sedimentary rock

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25
Q

Sandstone

A

Sedimentary rock (Basalt cuts the sandstone)

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26
Q

Mudstone

A

Sendimentary rock

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27
Q

Glacial till

A

unsalted material

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28
Q

What is the most common rock for oceanic crust

A

Basalt

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29
Q

What is the most common rock in continental crust

A

Granite

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30
Q

What is the sequence in which minerals crystallize

A

Bowen reaction series

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31
Q

What is Pluton?

A

formed solidification magma deep within the earth and crystalline throughout

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32
Q

what is mafic high in concentration of?

A

Magnesium and Iron

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33
Q

Native Minerals

A

gold, copper, sulphur, and graphite

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34
Q

Feldspar

A

silicate materials, most abundant mineral

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35
Q

igneous rocks

A

formed from solidification of molten rock material

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36
Q

metamorphic rock

A

modified by heat pressure and chemical process deep below earth’s process

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37
Q

Sedimentary

A

formed by accumulation of sediments

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38
Q

orthoclase

A

Feldspar mineral with KALSI308. abundant mineral in continential crust

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39
Q

What does volcanism produce?

A

igneous rock

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40
Q

What is pluton a result of?

A

Some upward moving magma that reaches the surface, which results in volcanic eruptions

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41
Q

Lacolith

A

Sill that has pushed up the overlying rock

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42
Q

What is volcanic activity the result of?

A

melting of the mantle that rises upward because of thinning of stretched crust and upper mantle

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43
Q

Magma

A
  • comes from athensphere
    composed of melted silicate rocks and dissolved gases
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44
Q

What is the primary constitute of magma?

A

Silica

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45
Q

Three major types of magma

A

Basaltic,(less silica) andesitc, rhyiolitic

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46
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow
- greater amount of silica make it more difficult for magma to flow

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47
Q

Volatile content

A

increases with silica content

48
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

conical shapes
-fuji
-St.Helens
-Rainier
-Baker

  • high viscosity, don’t travel far but rather pile up (giving it their steep shapes)
  • 80% of volcanic eruption
    -most of the deaths recorded throughout history are strata
49
Q

What is the most voluminous volcano in Northern California?

A

Mt. Shasta

50
Q

What are strata volcanoes composed of?

A

Series of layered pyroclastic debris

51
Q

What are the largest volcanoes in the world?

A

Shield Volcanoes
-from basaltic lava
-broad arc with gentle slopes

52
Q

What is the largest Shield volcano?

A

-Mauna Loa in Hawaii
-Because of the low viscosity of the lava, when a shield volcano erupts the lava can flow great distances away from the vent down the flanks of the volcano.
An accumulation of thousands of thin basaltic lava flows over a large region gives these volcanoes their gentle slopes.

53
Q

What are the primary effects?

A

Lava flows, pyroclastic activity such as ash fall, pyroclastic flows and lateral blasts, and release of volcanic gases

54
Q

What are the secondary effects?

A

debris flows, mudflows, landslides or debris avalanches, floods, fires, and tsunamis.

55
Q

Lava Flow

A
  • Familiar products of volcanic activity
  • Lava flows result when magma reaches the surface and overflows the central crater or erupts from a volcanic vent along the flank of the volcano.
56
Q

What are the three types of lavas?

A
  • basaltic
    -andesitic
    -rhyolitic
57
Q

Basaltic Lava

A

lower viscosity and higher eruptive temperatures, are the fastest and can move 15–35 km per hour near the vent

58
Q

Pyroclastic activity

A

explosive volcanism in which magma and the rocks that compose the volcano are physically blasted from a volcanic vent into the atmosphere forming pyroclastic debris

Tephra ejected from an erupting volcano is responsible for numerous hazards related to volcanic eruptions.

59
Q

What is pyroclastic debris known as?

A

Tephra
-range from fine dust to sand- sized ash less than 2 mm, to small gravel-sized lapilli 2 to 64 mm, to large angular blocks and smooth-surfaced bombs greater than 64 mm.

60
Q

Volcanic Gases

A

Several gases, including water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are emitted during volcanic activity

61
Q

Landscape of the Lower Mainland

A

mountains, Ice Age uplands, and modern lowlands.

  • these are three physiographic elements or domains
62
Q

what does the mountain domain include?

A

Coast and Cascade Mountains,
-rugged areas of steep slopes

-snow- and glacier-clad peaks, and deep valleys

63
Q

What are small outliers of mountain domain rise up above low-lying areas in the Fraser Lowland?

A

Burnaby Mountain, Capitol Hill, Sentinel Hill and Sumas Mountain

64
Q

How old are our mountains?

A

200 million years old

65
Q

What is upland domain’s elevation

A

10 to 200 m above sea level and underlain mostly by sediments that date to the Ice Age, 2 million to 10,000 years ago

66
Q

what is the thinnest sentiment?

A

Clay

67
Q

When are the oldest rocks in metro Vancouver?

A

200 million years old

68
Q

What era was the oldest rock in metro Vancouver

A

Jurassic

69
Q

What era was the oldest rock- ice age sediment?

A

Pleistocene

70
Q

What era was the oldest rock-sedimentary

A

Pleistocene - Pliocene

71
Q

Sediment

A

sedis = Latin, which means seat, deposition

deposited, that which has been deposited or that which is capable of being deposited.

72
Q

Mechanical transport

A

sediment as solid matter already begins to exist during transport

73
Q

Chemical transport

A

Solid matter is only formed through the precipitation of ions.

74
Q

Silt

A

too small for our eyes to see
smooth to fingers and gritty in mouth

75
Q

Clay

A

Fine
- even smooth in your mouth

76
Q

Modern sediments

A

Holencene

77
Q

Land fill

A

Anthropocene
- no agreement on this so holencene is also right

78
Q

Granules

A

Gravel size

79
Q

Transportation

A

key principles of sedimentary geology : ability of a moving medium (air or water) to move sedimentary particles—and keep them moving—is dependent on the velocity and the density of flow

80
Q

Bed load

A

of rivers consists of sand and gravel particles
-makes up less than 10 percent of the total load.

81
Q

What is suspend load mostly consisted of?

A

silt and clay particles
-carried above the streambed by the flowing water.
- responsible 90 percent of the total load and makes rivers look muddy, especially during a flood.

82
Q

what happens sedimentary deposits last long enough to get covered with other sediments

A

may eventually form into rocks ranging from fine mudstone to coarse breccia and conglomerate.

83
Q

Lithification

A

term for number of different processes that take place within a deposit of sediment to turn it into solid rock.

84
Q

What does lithification do?

A

Turns sediment into rock

85
Q

What is the cycle of lithification?

A

-Clasts are dropped or settled out (deposition)

More sediments accumulate above so clasts are forced together to be closer (compaction)

Ground water moves between the grains and leaves behind mineral deposits bonding grains to each other (cementation)

86
Q

Cementation

A

chemical precipitation of minerals from ions in solution in pore water. In this respect, it occurs in conjunction with dissolution processes, through which the ionic concentration of the water is gradually increased.

87
Q

How does ocean basins and uplift of mountains occur?

A

from the movement of tectonic plates

88
Q

Where are ocean basins and uplifts most active in?

A

along boundaries of lithospheric plates.
- this is where faulting occurs

89
Q

Where do earthquakes happen the most?

A

-fault
plane of weakness in earths crust

90
Q

What is a fault?

A

fracture or fracture system where rocks have been displaced; that is, Earth’s crust on one side of the fracture or fracture system has moved relative to the other side

91
Q

What is strain or deformation?

A

Result of lithospheric plate moving past another is slowed by friction along the fault plane that separates the plates. This “braking action” stresses the rocks along the fault, and as a result, these rocks undergo

92
Q

Dip Slip fault

A

offsets rocks in a vertical motion due to compressional or tensional stresses.

93
Q

strike-slip fault

A

offsets blocks of crust in a horizontal direction due to shearing stress.

94
Q

reverse fault

A

identified by an upward relative movement of the hanging wall due to compression, which results in shortening and thickening of Earth’s crust typical of convergent plate boundaries.

95
Q

normal dip- slip fault

A

in which the hanging wall on the right side of the fault has dropped down

96
Q

reverse dip-slip fault

A

which the hanging wall above the fault has moved up

97
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

horizontal displacement along the fault plane. This particular example shows left-lateral displacement.

98
Q

blind faults

A

faults that do not extend to the surface

99
Q

epicentre

A

place on the surface of Earth above where the ruptured rocks broke to produce the earthquake.

100
Q

what is the point of initial breaking or rupturing within the Earth is known as?

A

focus or hypo centre (directly below epicentre)

101
Q

what causes the ground shaking?

A

seismic wave
(sudden rupture of the rocks produces)

102
Q

Tectonic creep

A

Some active faults exhibit these
-gradual movement along a fault that is not accompanied by perceptible earthquakes.

103
Q

Cascadia subduction zone beneath southwestern British Columbia and the state of Washington

A

-a tectonic creep
- slow earthquakes, which are not felt and only recently have been detected.

104
Q

Richter Scale

A

1935 by the famous seismologist Charles Richter

determined by measuring the maximum amount of ground shaking.

105
Q

seismograph/ seismometer

A

Ground motion, in either a vertical or horizontal direction

106
Q

Moment Magnitude

A

measurement of the actual energy released during the earthquake.
-1970s, for absolute size of earthquake
-quant way

107
Q

What is the qualitative way of studying earthquakes?

A

Modified Mercalli Intensity

108
Q

Place where earthquakes start

A

Focus
-deeper the focus of earthquake, less shaking that will occur at the surface

109
Q

Attenuation

A

seismic waves losing much of their energy before they reach the surface when the earthquake is relatively deep

110
Q

What is cascade mountain?

A

volcanic

111
Q

what is coast mountain?

A

plutonic

112
Q

Moment Magnitudes

A

provides a quantitative way of comparing earthquakes. In contrast, earthquake intensity is often indicated with the qualitative

113
Q

Orthoclase formula

A

KALSI308

114
Q

Anorthic formula

A

CaA12si208

115
Q

Albite formula

A

NaAIsi308

116
Q

what do seismic waves move through more

A

consolidated drock

GEOGRAPHY 112 (2 decks)

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