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Geomorphology > GEO test One > Flashcards

GEO test One Flashcards

1
Q

Dendochronology

A

The use of tree rings for dating by counting tree rings.

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1
Q

How much of Earth’s surface is above sea level

A

29%

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2
Q

Volcanoe Classifications

A
  • Chemical Composition and temperature
  • Historical Record
  • Physical state of ejectja
  • Shape of aperture
  • Nature of activity
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3
Q

Angle of respose and the Coefficient of friction

A

If the angle of the slope exceeds that which the coefficient friction can counteract the slope will give.

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3
Q

Salt Dome Formation

A

Evaporite accumlations are less dense than the overlying sediments and they begin to flow and cause deformation from below.

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4
Q

Dip

A

The angle that a fault is inclined from the horizontal.

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5
Q

Tephrachronology

A

An Absolute dating method using volcanic tephra

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5
Q

Sea floor spreading and ocean depth.

A

Slow spreading results in a deeper ocean basin, and fast spreading results in a shallower ocean basin.

This occurs because older colder oceanic crust is more dense and sinks lower, allowing more space for deeper oceans. The slower spreading center allows the crust to cool, rather than the fast spreading center keeps the crust warmer and less dense, plus it forms so quickly that it can’t get as thick.

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5
Q

Strike (faults)

A

The trend or bearing, relative to north, of the line defined by the intersection of a fault and the ground.

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5
Q

Examples of Mass Wasting

A
  • Slides
  • Flows
  • Slumping
  • Falls
  • Topple
  • Creep
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5
Q

Island Arc Magma

VS

Continental Arc Magma

A

Basaltic magma that has low viscousity, such as the magma of Hawaii.

VS

Felsic magma comes from the continental plates and is associated with Continental Arcs with high viscousity and is more explosive.

The differences are created by the different types crust that are melted to create the magma.

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7
Q

Slip

A

The relative displacement of formerly adjacent points on opposite sides of a fault, measured on the fault surface.

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8
Q

Rake

A

The angle of the hanging wall block displacement measured from the dip vector.

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9
Q

Taffoni

A

Honey comb weathering created by haloclasty in arid environments because of wetting and drying cycles.

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10
Q
A

Rock Glacier

West Boundary of Mt Cumulous

Rocky Mountain National Park

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11
Q

Fissure Eruptions

A

Also known as Icelandic eruptions

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11
Q

K-Ar Dating

A

Half life of 1.3 Bil years, has helped date rocks up to 4 Bil years old

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12
Q

Talus Definition

A

Fragments of rock at the base of a cliff.

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14
Q
A

Slumping

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14
Q

Volcanic Mountains is southwest Colorado

A

San Juan’s

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15
Q

Lineament

A

Linear faults or large joints in the Earth’s crust that resemble subsurface occurences.

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16
Q
A

Rock Glacier

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16
Q

Hyposemetry

A

Measurement of elevation and depth on Earth’s surface with respect to sea level.

The distribution is bimodal because you’ve got really high mountains and really deep trenches that dominate two parts of the distribution rather than a single bell curve. This occurs because of the differences in density between the oceanic crust (more dense) and the continental crust (less dense).

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17
Q

What are considered the most powerful eruptions and why

A

Plinian, Beause of the lava is viscous and the ejecta is explosive.

(The higher amount of trapped gasses in viscous lavas makes them far more explosive because the pressure can build up and then when it’s released the power is immense.)

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18
Q

Av Denudation of the Colo River Drainage

A

17cm/1000yrs

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20
Q
A

Block Glide

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21
Q
A

Solifluction

21
Q

Thixotropic Substances

A

The property of becoming gel or fluid like when the substance is shaken, pumped, mixed, or stirred and then returning to a more viscous semisolid state upon stand still.

22
Q

What volcanic feature is Seattle built on top of

A

Lahar

23
Q

Global average denudation rate:

A

6-7cm/ 1000yrs

24
Q

Terrane

A

Chunks of “exotic” or oceanic landmasses that are accreted onto a continental plates during subduction. They appear “misplaced” because of the prescence of oceanic plate on top of continental crust.

25
Q
  1. Hydrofracturing
  2. Oxidation
  3. Hydrolysis
  4. Haloclasty
  5. Biological
A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Chemical
  4. Mechanical
  5. Both
26
Q

Mass Wasting

A

Collective term for all downslope movements of weathered rock in response to gravity.

28
Q
A

Toppling

29
Q

Erosion VS Depostion

A

Erosion: The removal of loosened rocks to a lower lying point by the action of natural agents.

Deposition: Previously eroded materials come to rest in a new location due to gravity and lose of momentum.

Erosion comes first, deposition comes next.

30
Q

Rock Creep

A

Slow, permanent internal rock deformation under low, long term stress.

31
Q

Mt. Pinatubo

A

Ejected 12km^(3) of material into the atmosphere

32
Q

Three types of Mountain Building Belts

A
  1. Island Arc
  2. Cordilleran
  3. Collisional
33
Q

Sturrzstroms

A

When a single large block detaches and falls and the falling block disintergrates.

The horizontal distance traveled by the material is much greater than that of the original fall it experienced. Behave much like the flow of glaciers, mudslides, and lava flows. A more rare type of flow. Mobility increases as volume increases. Still more to learn about them.

34
Q
A

Soil Creep

35
Q

Stress

A

Stress is a force per unit area, causing strain or deformation. There are 3 types of stress:

  1. Tensile (<– –>)
  2. Shear (–> Top <– Bottom)
  3. Comprehensive (–> <–)
37
Q

Cosmogenic Isotope Dating

A

Collected from exposed rock surfaces, dates back to 1,000 or 500,000 years ago

38
Q

Denudation

A

The removal of Earth’s surface by erosional processes

40
Q
A

Soil Creep

41
Q
A

Block Glide

43
Q

Rheology

A

Deformation in response to stress.

44
Q

Basal Saping

A

A type of erosion that removes debris from the foot of a slope therefore weakening it and causing features such as cliffs and steep slopes.

Types:

  • Lateral erosion by rivers
  • Streams issuing from the foot of a slope
  • Movement casused by differences in rock strata.
45
Q

Base Level

A

The level below which erosion no longer occurs, or the lowest point to which water runs.

47
Q

Limnic Eruption

A

A massive release of CO2 triggered by siesmic activity.

48
Q

Plasticity

A

Materials the retain strain deformation imparted by stress.

49
Q

Radio Carbon Dating

A

C14 has a half life of 5,500 to 5,700 years and can date from 40,000 years to 70,000 years.

50
Q

Faceted Spur

A

The end of a ridge that has been steeply beveled by stream erosion, glaciation, or faulting.

Can help in indicating a fault, especially a normal fault.

51
Q

Ranking of types of climate and relief conditions from highest to lowest denudation rate.

A
  1. Badlands
  2. Glacial Vallies
  3. Savannah
  4. Glacial Ice Sheet
  5. Low Relief Rain Forest
  6. Temperate Maritime
52
Q

Exfoliation Joints

A

Surface-parallel fracture systems in rocks that often lead to erosion of concentric slabs.

53
Q

Angle of Repose

A

The greatest angle at which a pile of unconsolidated grains remain stable.

55
Q
A

Solifluction

56
Q

Terrain

A

What the land looks like.

57
Q
A

Toppling

58
Q

Mudflow

A

Flowing mixture of water and soil or regolith that flows rapidly downhill.

59
Q
A

Talus

61
Q
A

Slumping

62
Q

Strain

A

Any deformation resulting from the application of stress or force.

63
Q

Nuée Ardente

A

Another name for pyroclastic flows

64
Q

Felsenmeers

A

Cold climates, like sub polar regions, create landforms that are formed by frost wedging. The chunks are typically angular with no fine sizes in the upper parts, with no apparent source.

65
Q

Paleomagnitism Dating

A

Measures the reversal of the Earth’s magnetic poles and is useful for volcanic flows.

66
Q
A

Talus

Geomorphology (1 decks)

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