Geo IGCSE Paper 1 - Population Flashcards
Physical factors - Niger Delta densely populated.
- Rivers, easy access to water
- Natural port
- Raw materials, oil & gas
- Farmable land (flat, fertile).
Availability of natural resources - oil, water, fertile soil, flat land
Economic factors - Niger Delta densely populated.
- Jobs
- 10% of GDP generated by oil and gas
- 86% of GDP of export revenue
- Easy to trade and ship overseas (since has natural port)
- High GDP (GDP per capita $4,500 - $5,500).
Political factors - Niger Delta densely populated.
- Colonisation by the British -> more people migrating to the country
->they set up infrastructure (transport)
Social factors - Niger Delta densely populated.
- High birth rates (children are seen as economic assets, due to lack of family planning & advice)
- 5.24 births
- Polygamy
- child bribes
- High natural increase
What does densely populated mean?
Places which are densely populated contain many people. As they are habitable environments.
What are the consequences of an ageing population - Japan.
- Strain on families (elderly are claiming money but not contributing).
- Lowers the economic growth (will fall by 0.5% each year).
- May cannot afford to retire (3,500 elderly working in burger chains, oldest 84 yrs).
- Strain on care homes and health care -> had to turn to robots (take medicines to patients) and robotic dolls (dementia patients) this is because of the falling BR impacting the number of workers.
- Strain on the government -> 1/3 of government budget = health care & pensions. Pressure on health care & social services. May need to increase taxes to cover costs.
Push and pull factors - India & Qatar
Push India:
- high poverty rate (22%)
- natural disasters -> Kerala monsoons, 324 killed
- food shortages -> Sikkim, 189mn undernourished
- poor health care 0.89 doctors/1000
Pull Qatar:
- higher salaries, send remittances $4bn 2017
- 2.49/1000 doctors, better health care
- welcome migrants, loads of DAD jobs
Rapidly growing population consequences - Nigeria (Lagos)
Lack of jobs in Lagos: 19% unemployment rate, with 41% working in the informal sector. Poverty - 67% malnourished.
Lack of affordable housing: 65% living in slums - Makoko ‘Venice of Lagos’. 6-10 people share homes & 15 families share a toilet. IMR 24/1000.
Rapidly growing population due to what? - Nigeria (Lagos)
- Polygamy
- High level of child bribes (44%)
- Only 16.6% of the population use contraception due to lack of knowledge, misconceptions and religious reasons
- Cultural preference for big families
- High poverty rate (40%) child are relied upon as a source of labour.
Why is Western Australia sparsely populated?
Political factors: Government not investing in roads and rails, so not well connected (cost, as tarmac melts)
Economic factors: Only jobs in mines/minerals - iron, gold…most workers fly in and fly out. farming hasn’t been developed in the region. Not a variety of jobs on offer in the interior.
Social factors: Difficult to live comfortably - temperatures can reach 51 degrees. Women have jobs, age of 1st birth 29yrs, thus birth rate.
Physical factors: Sand storms, size - 12 hours to from Newman (mining area) to Perth due to lack of roads, desert climate, arid, land not fertile for farming. Lack of rainfall (under 250mm on average in most places). Sand storms - flash floods - dangerous.
What does sparsely populated mean?
Areas that are sparsely populated have much smaller populations in a unit of area. Regions generally have a hostile environment, including a lack of vegetation, harsh climate, and/or geographic isolation.
Why is the population rapidly declining in Japan?
- droughts, lack of access to food and water
- migration
- war
- low fertility rates
- diseases
Consequences of overpopulation in Bangladesh?
- lack of natural resources
- lack of land
- deforestation
- poverty, slums develop
-increase conflict - water shortages, lead to diseases
- lack of services, health care and education
- traffic congestion, air pollution, lead to respiratory health problems
Causes of overpopulation? - Dhaka, Bangladesh
- child marriages
- high IMR, more babies are born to replace dying siblings
- high poverty, children are viewed as assets as they’re expected to work
- 1st baby born when mother is only 18yrs, this allows more time for more babies to be born
- polygamy
- lack of resources due to rising sea levels, leading to poverty
An example of an underpopulated country is Australia. What are the causes of underpopulation in this country?
- Large portion of it is desert
- very isolated, not many neighbouring countries
- In Australia not all places are well connected, poor infrastructure
- Suffer from water shortages
- Low fertility rate (not many babies being born, women are focusing on their career.
What are the problems caused by underpopulation in Australia?
- lack of workers
- decline in economic growth
- strain on government resources, resulting in reduced quality of services and poor infrastructure as there is not much demand
- decline in demand for goods and services
Natural population change
The difference between the death rate and the birth rate.
Net Migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants per 1000 per year.
Overall population change
This is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate, plus adding or subtracting the net migration.
What is overpopulated and what are the causes of it?
When a country is overpopulated it means that there is not enough resources to sustain the amount of people.
Causes:
- child marriages
- high IMR, more babies born to replace dying siblings
- high poverty, children viewed as assets as they’re expected to work
- polygamy
- lack of resources can be due to rising sea levels, leads to poverty
Consequences of overpopulation?
- Lack of homes, high rates of poverty
- Higher risk of diseases
- Lack of education and health care (social factors)
- Increased conflict
- Child labour
- Not enough jobs for everyone
What is underpopulated and what are the causes of it?
When a country is underpopulated it means that there isn’t enough workers in the population to efficiently use the resources.
Causes:
- harsh climate
- high IMR
- low fertility rate (BR)
- lack of immigration
Consequences of underpopulation?
- Shortage of workers
- Decrease in economic growth
- Reduced government services
- Difficulty sustaining infrastructure since not much demand
- Decline in demand for goods and service
Why shouldn’t Australia expand its population?
- regularly suffer from droughts
- 44% of land is unfarmable
- limited water supply
- non fertile soil, overgrazing
- farmers exploiting groundwater causing salinisation
- shouldn’t relax visa rules, if more people come in it will lead to deforestation
- in 2020 australia’s export value = $250 billion, should invest in infrastructure and technology instead
- most people move to the cities which are already overcrowded
- can give benefits to younger population to encourage them to have kids
International migration
International migration is the movement of people across international borders.
An example: India to Qatar.
Reasons for rapid population increase in the world?
- improved medical health care
- lack of family planning and advice
