geo Flashcards
Difficult to gather Population Data In Developing Countries
Lots languages to translate
low literacy levels
size of population
innaccessibility, indonesia lots of Islands
Conflict
out of date due to high death rate
cost - higher priorities
shanty towns - no official address
illegal Immigrants avoid detection
Conflict Glaciated Landscape
Loch Lomond and Trossachs
traffic congestion on narrow roads, higher levels air and noise pollution
tourists park on grass lead to erosion, for example Luss
Tourists wander off footpaths widening them, stone walls damaged by climbing
Litter eaten by wildlife can harm them
Housing Changes in developed City
Clyde Gateway Project
Built Athletes Village, Allowed new residents to buy homes increasing home ownership
Houses built with solar panels, cuts down on bills for residents
Built Facilities such as Chris Hoy Velodrome, leisure for residents increasing health
Planting trees and more green areas, better enviroment for residents
Formation Of A Stack
Erosional Processes
Hydraulic Action - pounding waves compress trapped air in rocks, creating an explosive blast which weakens and loosens rock fragments
Abrasion/ Corrasion - rock fragments thrown against the headland create a sandblasting action, wearing away the rock
Solution/ Corrosion - carbonic acid in sea water weathering limestone and chalk
Attrition - Rock fragments slowly being ground down by friction from wave action into smaller rounder pieces to form sand
Strategies To Stop Malaria
Using insecticide treated bed nets, prevents mosquito from biting you however dosen’t kill it
Add fish like muddy loach into rivers to eat the larvae which stops the mosquito from hatching
planting eucalyptus trees, useful as stops breeding grounds for mosquitos to spread
Anti-Malaria drugs like Chloroquine, prevents the parasite from developing in your liver stopping you getting sick
Sand Spit
Processes Include
Sand spits are formed by th process of Longshore Drift
Swash is where waves, driven by prevailing wind push material up the beach at an angle
the returning backwash is dragged back by gravity down the beach at right angles
Consequences of Young Population
Additional pressure on services and resources like education
housing is already overcrowded, problem will worsen forcing more to live in shanty towns, with poor sanitation increasing spread of disease
their will be a larger potential workfore
Formation Of U-shaped Valley
Glacier Formation Includes
Snow accumulated in north facing hollows when more snow falls in winter than melts in summer
Processes Include
Plucking is when ice freezes onto bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the sides
Abrasion, when the angular rock embedded in the ice grinds the valley floor, making it deeper
Frost Shattering is when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock until fragments break off
Formation Of A Terminal Moraine
terminale moraine is a ridge across the valley and made up of glacial deposits/ till/ boulder clay which is unsorted
as the glacier moves downhill it acts like a bulldozer, pushing sediment infront of its snout as it goes
on reaching lower altitudes/ or when temperatures rise, the glacier melts, losing power and depositing the moraine
terminal moraine marks the furthest point that the glacier reaches
Using one indicator dosen’t reflect true quality of life
Firstly GDP is an average for the whole country. and disguises differences between parts of a country
for example, wealthier urban areas and poorer rural areas
Males may earn more than females but this is hidden by average figures
Secondly, if you focus on one indicator then you don’t get a rounded view of the whole country and its development
Thirdly development is not just about money, also freedom of speech or happiness
Strategies to Improve Housing in developing City
Site and service schemes such as upgrading main sewerage, to help reduce diseases like cholera
Self help schemes support efforts of locals to improve housing, for example adding more floors to reduce overcrowding
Residents given legal rights to land. This encourages further self improvement and longer-term planning by residents
Residents given building materials to strengthen houses, reduce risk of water related damages
Atmospheric Circulation assist in redistributing energy
Warm Air rises at the equator creating low pressure and travels in the upper atmosphere to around 30 N and S, before cooling and sinking
Due to the Coriolis effect winds are deflected to the right in the northen hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere
Some of the sinking air returns as surface NE or SE trade winds moving form the tropical highs to the low pressure areas at 60 N/S as Polar Easterlies
Primary Health Care meets needs in Developing Countries
Charities sucha s Water Aid work to improve water and sanitation by installing water stations. By 2010 people without access to improved water was 10%
Barefoot Doctors provide health education through play and songs as many people are illiterate in developing countries
Insecticide treated bed nets provide physical barrier to mosquito bites, However dosen’t kill Mosquito
Stages Of Hydrological Cycle
Input
Precipitation adds water into the system mainly in the form of of rainfall and snow with the amount and duration having an impact on the levels of water in the systeam
Storage
Water is stored on the surface in lakes and rivers and interception by leaves and roots of vegetation
Water also seeps into the ground and can be stored as soil moisture in the layers or deeper down as ground water
Transfers/ Flows
Includes the movement of clouds leaving moisture by the process of advection
Surface run of as sheet wash or rivers/ tributaries also transfers water though the system
Variations in Development Between Developing Countries
Some countries have natural resources such as oil, which can be sold for currency
some countries like Chad are Landlocked, making it more expensive to import/ export goods
Countries with low education systems have many low skilled workers and and unable to attract foreign investment
Countries with fertile soils and suitable climates like India, can grow crops which can be sold for income
Strategies for Land Conflicts
Removing liiter bins in remote areas as difficult to empty regularly
Encourages people to take litter home
Improved public transport to lower congestion
Limited success as people prefer convinience of own vehicles
Luss Estate opened new car park with 250 Spaces
Reduce amount of on steet/ illegal parking
Planting trees around unsighlty developments like the Quarry to shield them
Trees take long time to grow so not a short term solution
Push And Pull Factors For Migration
Poland To Scotland
Push
Not enough jobs with few opportunities
Low paying jobs leading to low standard of Living
State benefits very low compared to Scotland, healthcare is free
Due to increased automation in farming rural employment has risen
Pull
Due to Poland joining EU, allows people to move freely
Exchange rate means conversion is favourable, means people can send money home to family
Lots of jobs availiable, especially in construction and trades like plumbing
Many family members have already migrated so people migrate to spend time with family members
Slowly growing/ Shrinking popiulation
increase in elderly increases cost of pensions for giovernment, and increase tax contributions
in-migration may need to be encouraged, which may lead to tension between ethnic groups
Retirement age may need to be increased, and more services for old people like care home s
lower unemployment rate in the future may lead to skills gap
Corrie Formation
Glacier Formation
Snow accumulated in north facing hollows when more snow falls in winter than melts in summer
North/north-east facing slopes are more shaded so snow lies longer with accumulated snow compressed into neve and eventually ice
Processes Include
Plucking when ice freezes on to bedrock, pulling loose rocks away from the backwall
Abrasion when the angular rock embedded in the ice grinds the hollow
Frost shattering/ Freeze thaw weathering when water in cracks in the rock freezes, expands and contracts weakening the rock until fragments break off
Impacts of migration on Donor/ Recieving Country
Poland to Scotland - Recieving Country
Governemtn recieves tax from migrants, whoa re doing jobs the British don’t want to do
Migrants are percieved as hard workers and some are higly skilled, so bring skills to businesses we didn’t have before
language barrier and cultural differences can lead to racial tension, with ethnic groups tending not to intergrate
Impacts on Donor
Fewer people means less pressure on resources, allowing living standards to improve
Reduce unemployment rates in the country and migrants return with new skills
Brith rate is lowered as male migrants are away putting less strain on resources
Causes Of Malaria
Malaria is spread by a vector which carries the disease parasite
namely the female anopheles mosquito
the disead is picked up by taking blood meals from an infected person
thease mosquitos breed in stagnant water in generally hot, wet climates
the disease can spread rapidly unless barriers are put in place
Ocean Currents Redistribute Energy
The coriolis force deflects currents to the right in the nothern hemisphere, and to the left int he southern hemisphere
Ocean currents are greatly influenced by the prevailing wind
Due to different Salinity levels density differences occur in water, resulting in chilled polar water sinking spreading towards the equator and displacing warm water pole wards.
Surplus of Solar energy in tropical latitudes, deficit towards poles
There is a surplus of solar energy in the tropical latitudes as this is where the sun’s rays are more concentrated
the sun’s rays strike these areas at right angles, therefore the intensity of insolation is at its greatest
sun’s angle in the sky decreases towards the poles due to the curvature of the earth, which spreads heat energy over a larger surface area
the sun’s rays have less atmosphere to pass through at the tropics, so less energy is lost by absorption and reflection by clouds, gas and dust
tilt of the axis results in the sun being higher in the sky between the tropics throughout the year, focusing energy
Manage traffic in Developed City
M77 route by-pass measn that through traffic doesn’t need to travel through the city centre
Sections of Argyle Street were pedestrianised to make it safer and more pleasant for shoppers
Commuters have been asked to travel into the city through publci transport to reduce nu,ber of cars on the road, through free wifi on busses and trains
Developing City Traffic Strategies
Vehicles Emmisions control - To combat air pollution and reduce emissions, Sao Paulo has implemented enviromental policies such as the “Rodizio” system, which restrics vehicles from circulating in certain areas on specific days.
Bus Rapid Transport System - Sao Paulo operates several BRT lines, such as the Corridor North South, these systeams provide dedicated bus lanes and efficient boarding, helping to reduce traffic congestion
Intergrated fare System - Sao Paulo has implemented an intergrated fare system, allowing passengers to transfer between buses and metros with one ticket. This enourages public transit to making it more convenient adn cost effective.
