geo Flashcards
What are the three types of map scales?
Linear, Verbal, and Representative ratio scale.
Put scales in order from smallest to largest: 1:20 000, 1:1 000 000, 1:100 000
1:1 000 000, 1:100 000, 1:20 000
The scale on a map is 1cm to 50km. If the distance on the map is 8cm, then what is the real land distance?
400km because as there is 8cm, and 1cm is equal to 50km, 50 * 8 = 400.
How many cm are there in a m?
100 000 000cm
How many m are there in a km?
1000m
Name the important lines and the bearings of latitude and longitude that follow with the names in your head, from north to south.
North pole - 90°N
Arctic Circle - 66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer - 23.5°N
Equator - 0°
Tropic of Capricorn - 23.5°S
Antarctic Circle - 66.5°S
South pole - 90°S
What 2 lines of latitude are there and what are their degrees and bearings?
Prime meridian - (-) 180° and 0°
International dateline - W -90° and E 90°
The prime meridian divides the earth into which hemispheres?
Eastern and Western
What is the bearing of North, East, South, and West?
North- 0°/360°
East- 90°
South- 180°
West- 270°
What is the bearing of North-East, South-East, South-West, and North-West?
North-East- 45°
South-East- 135°
South-West- 225°
North-West- 315°
What is a topographic map?
Large scale map that shows man-made features and natural features
What is the military grid system?
To locate places on a topographic map
What three words are used to remember how to use military grid?
Read, Right, Up
What is Continential drift?
The gradual movement of the continents across the earth’s surface through geological time
What are convection currents?
The different temperatures in the earths mantle, the hotter molecules float to the top, and the cooler molecules sink to the bottom then becomes heated again. This process is repeated.
How has the movement of plates shaped Canada?
As the plates collided, the land was pushed upward into tall mountains.
How old is the Earth?
4.6 billion years old
What are the four geological eras?
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenezoic
The original supercontinent was called _____.
Pangea
What are the three main groups of rocks? Give an example for each.
Sedimentary - Sandstone
Igneous - Granite
Metamorphic - Slate
Explain and imagine drawing the rock cycle in your head.
List the seven landform regions of Canada
Western Cordillera
Interior Plains
Canadian Shield
Hudson Bay and Arctic Lowlands
Innuitian Mountains
Appalachians
Great Lake-St. Lawrence Lowlands
Which one is the largest?
Canadian Shield
Which one do we live in?
Canadian Shield
The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands is made up of mostly what type of rock?
Sedimentary rock
The Candian shield is mostly made up of what type of rock?
Metamorphic rock
Which are younger - The western cordillera or the applachians? How can you tell?
The western cordillera is younger as its mountains are higher than the appalachians. The appalachian mountains are more eroded, and rounded hills.
What is an escarpment? Name one that is located near us.
The bottom of a cliff or a steep slope.
The niagara falls
What landform region was covered by ancient sea, where layers of sedimentary rock formed?
The interior plains
What are the four ingredients of soil?
Minerals, bacteria and organic materials, air, and moisture.
What is natural vegetation?
Plants considered collectively, especially thise found in a particular area or habitat
Describe the characteristics of coniferous trees
-Can withstand harsher climate
-Are able to grow on rocky grounds
-Its branches are bendable to shake off snow
-Small needle like leaves
Describe the characteristics of deciduous trees
-Drops their leaves
-Broad, flat leaves
Define demography
The statistical study of human populations
Why is the use of rates more useful than just numbers in demography?
Rates are better to use when dealing with bigger numbers.
Define birth rate and death rate.
Birth rate: The number if births in a population per year, per people.
Death rate: The number of deaths in a population per year, per people.
Define natural increase.
The difference between the number of births and deaths, generally calculated over a year.
Define doubling time (“rule of 70”)
The time it takes for a population to double in size/value
Define population growth rate
The increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group
Define net migration rate
The difference between the number of immigrants and the number if emigrants divided by population.
define dependancy load
The percentage of the population that is non-working.
Population pyramids - What are they?
A paired bar chart-type graph, that shows the numbers or percentage of males and females in each age group.
Describe some of the many ways Canada’s population is changing
-The increasing diversity of the population.
-Canadas population is more concentrated in urban areas
Push and pull factors - What are they? Give examples.
Push factor: A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country. Ex. Inflation, weather, war
Pull factor: A reason that makes a particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants. Ex. Free healthcare, cultural diversity, freedom, education, jobs
Where do most immigrants live and why?
Most immigrants live in larger provinces with a city that has a higher economy; Ontario and BC. This is because of higher job offers and opportunity, family, economy rate, population, ect.
List the categories of immigrants. Give at least one characteristic for each one.
Skilled workers class, Skilled trades class, Canadian experience class, start up-visa, Temporary Foreign workers, Family class, Refugees.
What is a refugee?
Someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence.
Give sone benefits of immigration? What are some ways that immigration may pose problems.
Benefits: Contributing to the economy which lessens taxes
Problems: Overcrowding, higher crime rates, and more pollution.
Define population distribution.
The pattern of where people live in a region or an entire country.
Describe the population distribution of Canada’s population
More linear at the USA/Canada border in the south, clustered in major southern cities, and dispersed more in the north.
Define rural and urban.
Rural: Outside towns and cities.
Urban: Within towns and cities.
What is population density?
The number of poeple per unit of an area.
What is urbanization?
Growth in the percentage of a country’s population that lives in towns and cities.
Why did Canada go from being a mostly rural nation to a mostly urban nation?
Canada transitioned from rural to urban due to urbanization, industrialization, and job opportunities.
List the major land uses.
Residential, transportation, institutional, Open space, industrial, and commercial land use.
define residential density.
The measure of the residential development in a specific site or within a specified geographic area.
define zoning
The division of land in a city into different areas for specific purposes.
define urban sprawl
The uncontrolled spread of cities into surrounding rural areas.
What are green belts? How can they help prevent urban sprawl?
Greenbelts are undeveloped areas around cities that help prevent urban sprawl by preserving open space.
Draw or think about the Canadas provinces/territories along with its capitals.
