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GEO 2: Exam #3, CH 7-10 > GEO 1404- Exam #3 > Flashcards

GEO 1404- Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL SELECTION?

A

selectively breeding plants & animals w/ desirable traits

Examples: vegetables, domestic dogs ( came from domesticated grey wolves)

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2
Q

WHAT IS THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND NATURAL SELECTION?

A

a natural process was selecting a few individuals for survival

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3
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 MAIN CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SELECTION?

A
  1. inheritable
  2. there are favorable traits
  3. not all young survive
  4. favorable traits more likely to survive and pass on those traits
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4
Q

HOW DID MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS SUPPORT THE CONCEPT OF NATURAL SELECTION?

A
  • Genetic experiments using garden pea plants
  • Traits are controlled by genes
  • Was able to show how the traits were passed on
    o Show that genetic traits can be passed on to offspring & offspring will have a mixture of traits
    o Dominant and recessive gene traits/alleles: variant of a single gene
    o The variations don’t blend in or get lost. May not show up for generations, but it’s still a part of the genetic material
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5
Q

DESCRIBE MICROEVOLUTION

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a species
→changes occur w/in a species (usually between generations)

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6
Q

DESCBIVE MACROEVOLUTION

A

the origin of new species

*Macroevolution is simply the cumulative effect of microevolution over generations

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7
Q

WHAT IS A SPECIES?

A

Population of similar individuals that can successfully procreate

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8
Q

WHAT IS SPECIATION?

A

evolution of a new species

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9
Q

WHAT 3 THINGS ARE CRITICAL FOR SPECIATION TO OCCUR?

A
  • Barrier/Transport
  • Natural Selection
  • Random Genetic Drift
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10
Q

DESCRIBE ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION.
HOW CAN ISOLATION OF A SMALL POPULATION OCCUR?

A

A new species population becomes isolated from its parent population
* Creation Of A Land Barrier
* Rise In Sea Level
* Transport To A Remote Area

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11
Q

WHAT IS EXTINCTION?

A

complete disappearance of a species

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12
Q

WHAT IS A MASS EXTINCTION?

A

Extinction of many species over short time

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13
Q

WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE CAUSES OF PAST MASS EXTINCTIONS?

A

-Major environmental disturbances
-volcanic activity
-rise/fall in sea level
-meteorite impact
-disease
-loss of food source

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14
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 BASIC TIME UNITS OF THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE? WHICH REPRESENTS THE LARGEST AMOUNT OF TIME? THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF TIME?

A

o Eon, Era, Period, Epoch

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15
Q

WHAT IS THE ESTIMATED AGE OF THE EARTH?

A

o 4.6 Billion years old

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16
Q

WHAT MATERIALS HAVE BEEN DATED TO SUPPORT THIS AGE?

A

o Metamorphic Rock
o Minerals: zircon (mineral) crystals
o Moon Rocks
o Meteorites

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17
Q

WHAT IS A PROTOCONTINENT?

A

Landmass that could become a larger continent or smaller ones

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18
Q

OXYGEN FORMED IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHAT 2 WAYS?

A

PHOTOCHEMICAL DISSOCIATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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19
Q

WHAT WAS THE CRUST LIKE FOR THE EARLY EARTH (DURING THE ARCHEAN)?

A

2 types of crust once magma ocean cooled:

Oceanic- mafic- basalt
continental- felsic- granite

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20
Q

WHAT ARE MAFIC ROCKS?
Name break down
- Example
- Color
-Type of Volcano

A

o MA- Magnesium, FIC- Iron
o EX: Basalt
o dark-colored minerals
o Mafic Volcano- Hawaii- don’t have to run away, low viscosity

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21
Q

WHAT ARE FELSIC ROCKS?
Name break down
- Example
- Color
-Type of Volcano

A

o FEL- Feldspar , SIC- Silica
o EX: granite
o light-colored minerals
o Felsic Volcano- Mt St Helens- explosive eruption, high viscosity (very sticky)

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22
Q

HOW DID THE MAGMA OCEAN TURN INTO THE CRUST?

A

Magma + Silicate Minerals (Silica + oxygen) = Igneous Rocks = Crust/ Mantle

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23
Q

IF THE INITIAL CRUST WAS MAFIC/ULTRAMAFIC IN COMPOSITION, HOW DID THE COMPOSITION EVENTUALLY CHANGE?

A

*Plate tectonics
*Subduction

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24
Q

DESCRIBE HOW THE EARLY CONTINENTS FORMED.

A

Movement of plates, pieces collide, small continents formed called protocontinents

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25
Q

WHAT IS A CRATON?

A

-Sheild- exposed
- Platform- beneath
- Oldest rocks on earth
- Core continental of plates

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26
Q

DESCRIBE THE 2 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A CRATON.

A

1) SHIELD= exposed
2) PLATFORM= beneath

27
Q

WHAT IS OUTGASSING?

HOW IS THE PROCESS OF OUTGASSING RELATED TO THE FORMATION OF EARTH’S EARLY ATMOSPHERE?

A

Gases during volcanic activity
Carbon dioxide & water vapor into atmosphere
No Oxygen

28
Q

WHAT WERE THE COMMON GASES IN THE ARCHEAN?

WHAT IMPORTANT GAS WAS MISSING?

A

-Carbon Dioxide
-Nitrogen
-Hydrogen
-Water Vapor

What’s missing??? OXYGEN

29
Q

DESCRIBE THE LIFE OF THE ARCHEAN EON.

A

organisms- single-celled prokaryotic
extreme environments
Bacteria

30
Q

WHAT IS THE OLDEST FOSSIL EVIDENCE?
Type?
Found Where?
Preserved in?
How old?

A
  • single-celled prokaryotes
    -found in Australia
    -preserved in chert
    -3.4 billion yrs old
31
Q

WHAT ARE STROMATOLITES?

A

‘layered rock’
sedimentary structure
microbial reefs
created by cyanobacteria

32
Q

HOW DID STROMATOLITES CONTRIBUTE TO THE GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE?

A
  • Releasing oxygen from photosynthesis
  • Enabledmore complex life forms
33
Q

WHAT WAS LAURENTIA?

A

First large landmass
Plate collision
Proterozoic Accretion

o Greenland
o North America
o Scotland
o Scandinavia

34
Q

HOW DO GREENSTONE-GRANITE BELTS FORM?

A

Ocean Basin + layers of volcanic & sed rocks
Meta: Heat & pressure= new minerals (green)
Squished between plates

35
Q

WHAT WAS THE GRENVILLE OROGENIC BELT?

What can be found here?

Evidence of what?

A

Place, mountain building, more than 1 mountain

  • the Adirondacks and Blue Ridge mountains.
  • Oldest Rocks on earth
  • Evidence of:
    1. supercontinents merging
    2. breaking apart
    3. opening a new ocean basin.
36
Q

DEFINE OROGENIC BELT:

A

Oregeny with more than 1 mountian

37
Q

DEFINE OROGENY:

A

-mountain building process
-convergent plate margin
-plate motion compresses the margin

38
Q

APPROXIMATELY 1.0 BILLION YEARS AGO, THE FORMATION OF LAURENTIA WAS COMPLETE. HOW MUCH OF PRESENT-DAY NORTH AMERICA EXISTED?

A

75%

39
Q

DESCRIBE THE SUPERCONTINENT CYCLE.

** AVENGERS

A

Supercontinents have:
- assembled
- fragmented
- reassembled
- repeat
at different times throughout Earth’s history

40
Q

NAME THE 3 SUPERCONTINENTS OF THE PROTEROZOIC EON.

A
  • Nuna
  • Rodinia
  • Pannotia
41
Q

WHAT IS THE SNOWBALL EARTH HYPOTHESIS?

A

The entire surface of earth experienced repeated cycles (at least 2) of freezing & thawing during late Proterozoic

42
Q

EXPLAIN THE IDEA THAT EARTH EXPERIENCED MULTIPLE EPISODES OF GLACIATION DURING THE PROTEROZOIC.

WHAT EVIDENCE HAS BEEN FOUND TO SUPPORT THIS IDEA? (5)

A

Multiple episodes of glaciation occurred during Proterozoic

-Tillites & Striations
-Dropstones- Rocks picked up by glaciers and show up all over the planet
-Rocks preserved signs of Earth’s ancient magnetic field.
-The presence of ice found in rocks that were near the Equator

43
Q

WHAT ARE BANDED IRON FORMATIONS
- ________ structure
- layers of __ & ___
- formed in what kind of environment?
- caused by?

A

(BIF):
- Sedimentary Structure
- layers of iron-rich minerals & chert
- formed in the marine environment
- Caused by: the emergence of life (cyanobacteria)

44
Q

HOW ARE BIFS ASSOCIATED W/ EARTH’S EARLY ATMOSPHERE?

A

Sed rock
Rainbow
think formed in oceans because of oxygen production by cyanobacteria photosynthesis

45
Q

WHAT ARE CONTINENTAL RED BEDS?
FORMED WHERE?
EVIDENCE OF WHAT?

A
  • beds of sedimentary rock colored by iron oxides
  • formed in nonmarine environments

-Evidence of: oxygen increasing
Oxidation= rust= so it must have been in the atmosphere

46
Q

WHAT IS A PROKARYOTE?

A

simple cell structure,
no nucleus,
small

47
Q

WHAT IS A EUKARYOTE?

A

complex structure
w/organelles
nucleus
larger

48
Q

DESCRIBE THE EDIACARAN FAUNA.

Name means?
What are they?
Where are they found?

A

Ediacaran is a period
- fauna is “the animals of a particular geologic period”

-Oldest Fossils Of Macroscopic Animal Life

-1ST FOUND In: Southern Australia
-On Every Continent, Except Antarctica

49
Q

WHERE WERE THE 1ST FOSSILS FOUND?

A

Southern Australia

50
Q

The Paleozoic era is a part of which eon?

A

Phanerozoic (Today’s)

51
Q

Paleogeography definition:

A

study of Earth’s ancient geography

52
Q

What is a craton?

The 2 parts?

A
  • core of continental plates
    -Foundation for our continents today
  1. Shield- exposed
  2. Platform- Mostly underground with sedimentary layers on top of it
53
Q

What is an epeiric sea?

These happen when?

What is the cycle?

A

inland sea in interior of continent

-Sea Level Up= Sediment Deposit
-Sea Level Down= Land Exposed= Weathering/Erosion
-Repeat

54
Q

WHAT IS A MARINE TRANSGRESSION?

A

rise in sea level; landward migration of the shoreline

55
Q

WHAT IS A MARINE REGRESSION?

A

drop in sea level; migration of shoreline seaward →more land is now exposed

56
Q

What is a cratonic sequence?

What is the order of the sequence?

A

a major transgressive & regressive cycle recorded in sed rocks

-Sea Level Up= Sediment Deposit
-Sea Level Down= Land Exposed= Weathering/Erosion
-Repeat

57
Q

What was the first major transgressive sequence onto the North American craton?

A

The Sauk sequence

58
Q

What happened during the Sauk sequence?

A

Late Proterozoic to the Early Ordovician
*Records 1st major marine transgression
North America was at the equator (red line)

-Sea Level Up= Sediment Deposit
-Sea Level Down= Land Exposed= Weathering/Erosion
-Repeat

59
Q

What role did barrier reefs play in the precipitation of evaporites during the Tippecanoe Sequence?

Resulting in… (3)

What is mined for in these areas today?

A

Location along the equator provided warm water for reef-building organisms to thrive.

-widespread coral reefs & barrier reefs
-barrier reefs restricted the circulation of seawater
-precipitation of evaporites once sea regressed in the Late Silurian

-Rock salt and rock

60
Q

Describe the events that occurred along the eastern margin of Laurentia during the Early Paleozoic.
(Hint: a plate boundary formed.)

Results? (2)

A

Development of convergent boundary along the eastern margin during Ordovician.

Results:
1. Plate of oceanic crust of Laurentia was subducted
2. Iapetus Ocean eventually closed
3. volcanic island formed
4. Collided with Laurentia

61
Q

What was the Taconic Orogeny?

Caused by?

Where is it visible today? (3)

A
  • First episode of mtn. building along the Appalachians
  • Caused by the collision between the North American Plate and an ancient oceanic plate that subducted beneath it.
62
Q

Results (3) of the Sauk sequence

A

Global rise in sea level.

Result:
-Flooding of continental shelves,
-Epeiric seas
-Lots of sediment deposited

63
Q

Active Margin vs Passive Margin

A

Active margin- active plate boundary

Passive margin- no active plate boundary, only sediment deposition

GEO 2: Exam #3, CH 7-10 (1 decks)

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