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[geo 120] exam 1; ch 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of geography?

A

The cultural and social phenomena of earth and the study of earth and humanity’s synthesis.

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2
Q

What is a formal region?

A

A formal region is determined by a long term aspect of physical form. ie; The Andes

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3
Q

What is a functional region?

A

A region where a certain or cluster of activities take place. ie; The Rust Belt

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4
Q

What is a thematic map? What is a cholorpleth map?

A

A thematic displays specific information or patterns about a geographic area. A chloropleth map displays a numeric value through colors.

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5
Q

What is a location and how is it different from a place?

A

A place is a concept described by its attached characteristics. A location is a specific position on Earth.

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6
Q

Define longitude and latitude. How do you format coordinates?

A

Latitude is the position that is north or south of the equator. Longitude is east or west from the meridian (Greenwhich, England).

Coordinates are measured in degrees by time formatted as DMS; degrees, minutes, seconds and position on the hemisphere

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7
Q

Define globalization. What are its pros and cons? How does this impact Hawai’i?

A
  • Globalization is the increasing interconnectedness of places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change
  • Pros: spreads democracy, breeds creativity, opens up investment opportunities for poorer areas
  • Cons: only benefits the wealth, encourages unsustainable practices, environmentally destructive.
  • Affects on Hawai’i: Tourism is pushing out locals with increase of prices. Sacred Hawaiian land is being purchased by the wealthy and privatized against the locals.
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8
Q

What are the 5 themes of world regional geography?

A
  • physical geography and the environment
  • population and settlement
  • culture coherence and diversity
  • geopolitical framework
  • economic and social development
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9
Q

What does it imply if population density is higher or lower than average?

A
  • higher: likely in the early transitional stages of the demographic transitional model
  • lower: In the industrial or post industrial stages
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10
Q

What does it imply if total fertility rate is higher or lower than average?

A
  • higher: country is less socially developed, higher rate of gender inequality. likely in the preindustrial or early transitional stage of the demographic transition model
  • lower: country is in the industrial or post industrial stages. more education for women and access to contraceptives, more socially and economically developed
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11
Q

What does it imply if the rate of natural increase is higher or lower?

A
  • higher: population is growing or at a equilibrium (if at 2.1)
  • lower: population is declining
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12
Q

What does it imply if net migration is higher or lower than average?

A
  • higher: population is growing, due to migration
  • lower: population is declining due to people leaving (emmigrating)
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13
Q

What does it imply if the urban % is higher or lower than average?

A
  • higher: more developed, industrialized areas, higher population
  • lower: less developed, lower population
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14
Q

What does it imply if the percentage > age 15 is higher or lower?

A
  • higher: high fertility rate, population is growing
  • lower: population declining
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15
Q

What is considered the replacement rate?

A

2.1 Women need to have 2 babies to keep the population at an equilbrium.

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16
Q

What are the statistical population indicators that need to be included to measure wether the population in a country is growing or declining?

A

The shape of the graph. A pyramid shaped graph with a wide base shows a growing population. A smaller base shows populations decline.

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17
Q

What is urbanization?

A

The process of people moving to cities. Increase of industrialization and economic development.

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18
Q

What happens to birth rates in each stage of the demographic transition model?

A
  • Stages 1-2 birth rate increases
  • Stages 2-3 death rates drop
  • Stages 4-5 birth rates drop
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19
Q

What are the names of each stage in the demographic transition model?

A
  1. pre-industrial
  2. early transitional
  3. late transitional
  4. industrial
  5. post idustrial
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20
Q

What are push and pull forces of migration?

A

Push forces are the reason people move out of a country (emigration). Pull forces are reasons why people want to move into a country (immigration).

net migration is the average of people leaving and moving into a country.

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21
Q

What is culture?

A

Culture is learned behaviors shared by a group of people. It is learned.

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22
Q

Define diversity

A

State of having different landscapes, cultures, or ideas, and the inclusion of distinct peoples in a society

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23
Q

What is a language family?

A

Group of languages that share a common ancestor language.

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24
Q

What language family is spoken by about half the world’s population?

A

Indo-European

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25
What is the difference between a dialect and lingua franca?
Dialect is the distinct form of a language associated with different regions. A lingua franca is common tongue.
26
What is the difference between a universalizing religion vs an ethnic religion?
- universalizing: appeals to all peoples regardless of location - ethnic: closely identified with a specific group. people are born into these religions, does not seek new converts. ie; Judaism and Hinduism
27
What is cultural syncretism/hybridization?
The blending of cultures to form a new culture by interactions between different cultures
28
What is the definition of geopolitics?
Interactivity between political power and territory
29
Difference between colonialism and neocolonialism?
- colonialism: formal establishment of rule over a foreign population/country - neocolonialism: a strategy where powerful states extend influence over weaker states
30
What is a nation, a state, and a nation-state?
- nation: large group of people with shared sociocultural traits and identity - state: political entity that has a government and territory - nation-state: a sovereign state where people share common history
31
What does sovereignty mean?
The ability of a government to control activities within its borders.
32
What is insurgency? How is it related to terrorism?
- insurgency: groups seek independence, rise over government control - terrorism: violence directed at nonmilitary targets
33
What are social development indicators?
Improvements in life expectancy, education, gender equality, child mortality
34
What are economic development indicators?
Industrialization and urbanization
35
What is the Human Development Index? What continent has the most countries with the lowest level of HDI?
- HDI: combined data on life expectancy, literacy, education, gender inequality, and income - Africa
36
What is the difference between GNI per capita (PPP) and GDP annual growth?
- GNI: average annual income of each person adjusted for purchasing power - GDP: value of goods and services within borders
37
What term should be used in place of third world for the development of a country? Why is third world bad?
- Third world is a Cold War term for countries that were not apart of the capitalist western first world and the communist second world. - More developed or less developed are better terms
38
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Weather is day to day conditions. Climate is long term (30+ years) average of daily weather
39
What 2 factors are most important when describing climate?
Temperature and precipitation
40
Factors of a climograph?
Shows the average rate of precipitation and temperature across months of the year
41
What are the 6 main Koppen climate types?
A - tropical B - dry C - mild / mid latitude D - cold / continental E - polar / tundra H - highlands
42
Af vs Aw Koppen climate classification
Af - tropical rainforest with no dry season Aw - tropical savanna with distinct dry season
43
What is insolation?
Incoming solar radiation to earth, earth absorbing waves of radiation
44
What is the greenhouse effect? How does it keep the earth warm?
The greenhouse effect is the natural process of the earth to keep itself warm by trapping CO2 in the atmosphere.
45
What are the 4 vital signs of climate change?
Changes in: - atmospheric levels of CO2 - average temperature - ice extents - sea level
46
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
Large plates in Earth's outer layer move very slowly over time across its surface
47
What are the 3 types of tectonic plate boundaries?
- transformation: moves side to side - divergent: moves away - convergent: moves towards, subduction plate dives under continental crust
48
What are some prominent physical features of North America?
- the rockies - desert - the great lakes
49
What is a political ideology?
A set of ethical shated ideas
50
What are the 5 phases of immigration to the United States?
- phase 1: natives - phase 2: north and western europeans w. slaves - phase 3: south and eastern europeans w/ slaves - phase 4: decline in immigration - phase 5: increased diversity with immigrants from asia and africa
51
What is the difference between race and ethnicity?
- race: social construct based on shared similarities of physical characteristics - ethnicity: inherited identity or status
52
What was the great migration, when did it occur? What are the migration patterns of African Americans?
The great migration happened in 1910-1970 after slavery had ended. The migrated back to the black belt after the 70s
53
What are the altitudinal zones of latin americas mountains?
- tierra caliente - sea lvl - tierra templada - tierra fria - tierra helada - tierra nevada
54
What is the environmental lapse rate?
3.5 F per 1000 ft / 6.4 C per 1000 m temperature decrease with increase in altitude
55
What is the difference between intensive and extensive agriculture?
- intensive: uses high levels of technology to maximize crop and animal units per unit of land - extensive: large-scale farming that uses few resources per unit of land
56
What is a megapolis?
A large populated city
57
What are the causes of deforestation in tropical Latin America?
The expansion of large scale agriculture and development
58
What are remittances?
Money sent from a foreign country to a home country
59
What is the rimland?
Islands of the caribbean that sit on the coasts of Latin America with significant forest cover. Lower populations and highly accessible. Cash crops. ie; Belize, Guianas
60
What is creolization?
The blending of African, European, and Amerindian cultural elements into a unique system
61
What is the term isolated proximity?
- Isolated geographically and limited economic opportunity - international connections but forcing economic dependence - strong cultural differences between neighboring islands
62
Difference between the greater and lesser Antilles
- greater antilles: has most of the population, arable lands and mountain ranges. Jamaica, Hispaniola, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic - lesser antilles: colonial powers, mainly territories, plantation economies, non productive soils, volcanic origin
62
What economoic activities are there in the Caribbean?
- Tourism - Offshore banking - free-trade zones
63
How have recent tropical cyclones impacted the caribbean region?
Hurricane Matthew wiped out 30% of Haiti's GDP in damages. These islands cannot recover from this damage with their economy
64
What is brain drain and brain gain?
- brain drain: states expressing frustration about training professionals for the benefit of developed countries - brain gain: returnees contributing to the social and economic development of their home countries with experiences gained abroad

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