Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Baby Pharm > Genomics PDF > Flashcards

Genomics PDF Flashcards

1
Q

T/F
Responses to drugs vary between individuals

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which routes typically provide for a short time interval until both intended effects and adverse effects are observed?

A

Inhalation
IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

agents used to create and maintain an anesthetized state carry a high risk of a variety of life-threatening effects, such as

A

changes in intracranial pressure
apnea
bradycardia
vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F
Anesthetic drugs usually have a small therapeutic window.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T/F
Culture can influence a person’s response to a drug.

A

True
commonly eaten foods of that culture may alter certain metabolic enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“ethnic pharmacology” or “ethnopharmacology

A

cultural and environmental factors influence on drug response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ethnopharmacology

A

more accurately refers to the study of a culture’s traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Kalow’s findings

A

individual differences in the amount of plasma cholinesterase exist as a result of genetics

patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy experienced a longer-than-expected effect from intravenously administered succinylcholine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pharmacogenetics is a blend of which two sciences?

A

genetics and pharmacology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics can be used interchangeably.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Xenobiotics

A

nonindigenous chemical substances

body sees them as foreign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Enzymatic systems have developed as a result of…

A

exogenous substance exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F
Repeated exposure to substances is not sufficient to cause anatomic and physiological change.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Repeated exposure to substances can change…(2)

A

-drug targets
-biochemical systems performing ADME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Esterases and amidases perform which type of chemical reaction?

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Flavins are located within which metabolic system?

A

monooxygenase system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amino acid N-acyl transferases perform what kind fo chemical reaction?

A

acetylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In humans, there are currently ___ known functionally active enzymes.

A

50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CYP1A2 is involved in the metabolism of…

A

caffeine
ondansetron
theophylline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CYP3A4 is involved in the metabolism of…

A

dexamethasone
fentanyl
oxycodone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vast majority of drug oxidation involves six CYP enzymes…

A

CYP1A2
CYP2C9
CYP2C19
CYP2D6
CYP2E1
CYP3A4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F
CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 are enzymes

A

False
these are genes

the gene that correlates with the enzyme carries the same label but is identified by italic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

T/F
CYPs can be altered by exposure to the chemicals they metabolize.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F
If a parent drug compound is more rapidly metabolized, more drug will be available to exert effects.

A

False
less drug available to exert effect

25
Q

Rapidly metabolized drugs require (higher/lower) doses for the intended effect if the parent drug is responsible for the effect.

A

higher

vs.
prodrug quickly metab into active metabolites –> more active metabolite available –> risk toxicity
(when active metabolite is responsible for producing effect)

26
Q

T/F
Prodrugs can be minimally active or inactive.

A

True

27
Q

Metabolism of codeine

A

the parent compound is metabolized more rapidly into the active metabolite

more of the active drug metabolite will be available quickly and could lead to a toxic effect

28
Q

T/F
Diet and nutrition are modulators of enzymatic systems.

A

True

29
Q

Foods can be seen as….

A

ingested chemicals

30
Q

What foods/vitamins alter the effectiveness of Coumadin?

A

Vit K
leafy greens (kale, spinach)

31
Q

Phytochemicals

A

“phytonutrients”
naturally occurring chemicals in plants that we eat

32
Q

Phytochemical effects

A

antioxidants or exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects

induce/stimulate cytochrome P-450 enzyme CYP1A2
increases rate of phase I

33
Q

Lutein is found in..

A

leafy greens

34
Q

Beta-carotene is found in…

A

carrots and pumpkins

35
Q

Lycopene is found in…

A

tomatoes

36
Q

Phytonutrient found in Paclitaxel

A

Pacific yew tree
brand name: Taxol
antineoplastic agent

37
Q

Phytonutrients stimulate which CYP450 enzyme? What does this do?

A

CYP1A2
increases rate of Phase I metabolism

38
Q

shown to decrease cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity

A

Apiaceae family, like carrots and celery

39
Q

Effects of grapefruit juice on metabolism

A

interferes with the first-pass metabolism & transport

inhibit the intestinal cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity but facilitate drug absorption

increased plasma drug level

40
Q

examples of drugs affected by grapefruit juice

A

felodipine
saquinavir
midazolam
erythromycin

41
Q

Grapefruit juice ultimately leads to (increased/decreased) plasma drug levels.

A

increased

42
Q

How long do the metabolic effects of grapefruit juice last?

A

several days

43
Q

foods high in solanaceous glycoalkaloids

A

potatoes, tomatoes, and egg-
plants

44
Q

Solanaceous glycoalkaloids reportedly inhibit which compounds?

A

-acetylcholinesterase
-butyrylcholinesterase (plasma cholinesterase

45
Q

Solanaceous glycoalkaloids affects the metabolism of…

A

cocaine
ester-type local anesthetics
NMB
esmolol

(in potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants)

46
Q

populations at risk for altered responses to:
cocaine
ester-type local anesthetics
NMB
esmolol

A

Turkey, Morocco, and Middle Eastern

(seems like mediterranean?)

47
Q

Heaviest users of alcohol

A

Non-Hispanic whites and males between the ages of 18 and 44

48
Q

How does Acute alcohol intoxication affect drug metabolism?

A

-higher risk of injury
-vomiting
-delayed gastric emptying
-decisional incapacity
-increased sensitivity to other drugs because of its additive depressant efects.

49
Q

elevated blood alcohol levels (increase/decrease) sensitivity to other drugs because of their ___ effects.

A

increased sensitivity
depressant

50
Q

Chronic alcohol use is associated with increased risk of post-op ___.

A

infection

51
Q

drinking alcohol may modulate synaptic and extrasynaptic ___ receptors in the ____.

A

g-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
thalamus

52
Q

Would duration of NMB agents in a chronic drinker be longer or shorter?

A

longer

hypoalbuminemic and/or has impaired hepatic blood low, drug distribution and metabolism will be impaired.

53
Q

Chronic alcohol use induces which CYP enzyme in particular? What is the end result?

A

CYP2E1
possibly need higher doses for drugs used during an anesthesia (propofol, barbiturates, opioids, and the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalation agents)

54
Q

Chronic drinkers may need (higher/lower) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhaled agents.

A

higher

55
Q

CYP metabolism of some parent compounds to their toxic metabolites, like ___ & ___, provokes hepatotoxicity.

A

acetaminophen and halothane

56
Q

T/F
The prevalence of smoking is higher among adults than teenagers. (U.S.)

A

False
teenage prevalence is higher

57
Q

What attributes of smoking influence its effect on drug metabolism?

A

-length of time an individual has smoked
-makeup of the cigarettes
-how the smoker inhales

58
Q

components of cigarette smoke

A

-benzene
-polyphenols
-arsenic
-carbon monoxide
-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

59
Q
A

Baby Pharm (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions