genomics Flashcards
how can shearing be achieved
chemically, enzymatically or physically
what are adaptors
collection of components that bind to dna library to allow library fragments to be sequenced
what are components of adaptor and what they do
Anchor: attach dna fragments to flow cell fo seq later
primer binding site: facilitate seq. y synthessi reation
is hybridization to flow cell a selective process
no is random
what type of amplification occurs during cluster generation
a. pcr amp
b. sonic amp
c. bridge amp
d. temporal amp
c
what are bases modified with
a. terminators, condensor
b. insulators, enhancers
c. instigators, histones
d. terminators, dye
what is one use of ngs
find variant comparing consensus seq( seq underwent ngs) with human sequence refernce
two differences between ngs V sanger
Ngs= consensus seq.... sanger= one seq read ngs= digital readout .....sanger= analogue readout
in wes what captures target regions (exons)
baits. magnetic beads
during what step of wes polymorphisms found a. seq read allignment b.target coverage capture c variant calling d. variant annotation
c
ngs uses
disease gene identfication in famliy in wes
RNA seq-discover isoforms of genes dif exp and reg and so measure gene abundance
during dna seq what type of rpimer is only used
single forward primer making amp limited and not exponential
what does dna polymerase require to work
mg2+ cofactor
buffer for correct pH balance( need to increase pH due to h+ release during phosphodiester bond formation)
, DTP,
free 3’OH on primer. (form link with phospahte group of DNTP), template strand extending past primer
direction of elongation of strand
a. 5’ to 3’
b 3’ to 5’
a
what reaction happen in elongation ***
Hydrolysation of DnTP so phosphate bind to 3’OH primer forming a phosphodiester bond and as aresult release an inorganic pyrophospate and h+ from 3’oh
how elongation halted
incorporation of ddntp
polymerase cant distinguish between DNTP and DDNTP as both have triphosphate group and so a phosphodiester bond is formed between 3’oh and DDntp .
no more binding past this point as DDNTP has missing 2 OH group at 2’,3’ carbon where phoshodiester bond shoulf occur with 5’ triphoshate
BUT have low frequency of DDNTP and So low ratio compared to DNTP to decrease chance of termination
how sequence read
ddntp flouresce colour at end
all seq arranged in order of size
last dntp show which base is and what is bound to as is comp and so determine seq
which 3 are roles of cerebellum a. refine learned movement patterns b refine innate movement patterm c. maintain balance d. coordinates complex somatic motor patterns
a c d
what does brainstem do
acts as processing and relay centre for info passing to and from cerebrum and cerebellum
has reflex centres which are associated with respiratory and cardiovascular functions
what parts of brain make up diencephalon
dorsal thalamus
ventral hypothalamus
what arteries supply brain
a. 2 internal carotid, 2 vertebral arteries
b 2. external carotid, 2 vertebal arteries
c. 1 internal carotid, 1 vertebral arteries
d. 1 external carotid, 1 vertebral arterie
a
whayt does internal carotid bifurcate into
anterior and middle cerebrsl artieres
what does vertebral arteries bifuyrcate into
basilar artery
how vertebral artery acend to brain
in neck through foramina- into cranial cavity through foramen magnum
how internal carotid artery go ro brain level
neck to cranial cavity via carotid canal- into cavernous sinus- out sinus to opric chiasma
what does anterior communicating connect
both anterior cerebral arteries
what does posterior communicating connect
posterior cerebral artery which branches of basilar artyery with the internal carotid at point internal carotid bifurcates
what happens when cerebral blood flow is reduced
stimulates release of vasoactive substances to cause arterial dilatation