GENOMIC SEQUENCING U1 Flashcards
Explain what is meant by the term ‘genomic sequencing’
In genomic sequencing the sequencing of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes and entire genomes.
Computer programmes can be used to identify base sequences by looking for the sequences similar to known genes.
State how genomes from different species can be compared
To compare genomes from different species this requires:
sequence data
computer and statistical analyses (bioinformatics).
State what has been revealed through the comparison of genomes and give examples of genomes sequenced
Comparison of genomes reveals that many genes are highly conserved across different organisms.
Many genomes have been sequenced, particularly disease-causing organisms, pest species and species that are important model organisms for research.
State what evidence is used to determine the main sequence of events in evolution
The evidence comes from Phylogenetics and molecular clocks and can be determined by using sequence data and fossil evidence.
Describe phylogenetics and interpret a phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary history and relationships.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that uses sequence data to study evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms. Sequence divergence is used to estimate time since lineages diverged.
Describe and interpret molecular clocks
Molecular clocks are used to show when species diverged during evolution. They assume a constant mutation rate and show differences in DNA sequences or amino acids sequences. Therefore, differences in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor.
Describe pharmacogenetics and personalised medicine
An individual’s genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases. An individual’s genome can also be used to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease (personalised medicine).
Pharmacogenetics is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs.
