Genome Projects Flashcards
What is bioinformatics
The science of collecting and analysing complex biological data such as genetic codes
Uses computers to read, store, and organise biological data at a much faster rate than previously
How do we determine the complete base sequence of an organism
Using the whole genome shotgun sequencing technique
Involves researchers cutting the DNA into small, easily sequenced sections and then using computer algorithms to align overlapping segments to assemble the entire genome
Define proteome
All proteins produced in a given type of cell or organism at a given time under specific conditions
Why is determining the proteome of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria relatively easy
The vast majority of prokaryotes have just one, circular piece of DNA that is not associated with histones
There are none of the non coding portions of DNA which are typical of eukaryotic cells
Why is the problem in complex organisms is translating knowledge of the genome into the proteome
Because the genome of complex organisms contains many non coding genes as well as others that have a role in regulating other genes.
In humans it is thought 1.5% of genes may code for proteins
Distinguish between a genome and a proteome
A genome is all the genetic material in an organism. A proteome is all the proteins produced by the genome
Explain why determining the proteome of simple organisms like bacteria is easier than determining the proteome of complex ones like humans
Simplex organisms generally have just one, circular piece of DNA that is not associated with histones and there is little non coding DNA. Complex organisms have considerably more DNA and then majority of this does not code for proteins
Explain how knowledge of the proteome of a pathogen might help to control the disease if causes
It allows identification of those proteins that act as antigens on the surfaces of pathogens. These antigens can then be used to produce effective vaccines against the disease
