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Genitourinary System > Genitourinary system > Flashcards

Genitourinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the urinary tract?

A

-produced in kidney
-taken from kidney in ureter
-stored temporarily in the urinary bladder

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2
Q

what is the vas deferens?

A

takes the sperm from testis to penis

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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?

A

parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum

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4
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. it acts to support the viscera and provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera.

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5
Q

what is the parietal peritoneum?

A

lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall.
it receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines therefor pain from it is well localised. it is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temp.

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6
Q

what is the visceral peritoneum?

A

invaginate to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera.

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7
Q

where does visceral peritoneum originate from?

A

splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo

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8
Q

where does the parietal peritoneum originate from?

A

derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo. has the same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers. pain is poorly localised and it is only sensitive to stretch and chemical irritation. pain from here is referred to areas of skin which are supplied by the same sensory ganglia and spinal cord segments as the nerve fibres innervating the viscera.

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9
Q

what are the inraperitoneal organs?

A

spleen, stomach and liver

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10
Q

what does retroperitoneum mean?

A

lie behind the peritoneum

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11
Q

what are retroperitoneum structures?

A

kidneys
T12- L3
ribs 11 and 12
part of the duodenum
descending colon
middle third of rectum
pancreas
adrenal glands
proximal ureters
only covers their anterior surfaces

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12
Q

what are the floating ribs?

A

11th and 12th

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13
Q

what are the placements of the kidneys like?

A

right one is lower than the left as liver is on right and pushes down on it

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14
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

-filters waste ; produces urine
-regulates blood (pressure, ions, pH, osmolarity, volume, glucose level
-hormone production (calcitriol - active vit D)
(erythropoietin)

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15
Q

what is calcitrol?

A

regulated by kidneys
raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption from the gut, kidney and stimulation of release from bones

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16
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A

secreted in response to hypoxia or low blood glucose

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17
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

low levels of oxygen in body tissues.

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18
Q

what is the renal artery?

A

provides arterial blood to kidney for filtering

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19
Q

what make up the hilumof the kidney?

A

-renal artery
-renal vein
-ureter

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20
Q

what is the renal vein?

A

takes blood from the kidney back to the heart

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21
Q

what is the cortex of the kidney?

A

-the body, supporting tissue
-contains glomeruli, Bowmans capsule and convoluted tubules

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22
Q

what is the medulla of the kidney/

A
  • the functional tissue (where the filtering takes place mostly)
    -production of urine happens
    -organised into renal (medullary pyramids)
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23
Q

what are the functional units of the kidney?

A

nephron and connecting tubules

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24
Q

what is the afferent arterioles?

A

where blood arrives from renal artery, then passes to glomerular capillaries

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25
Q

what are the stages in the kidney?

A

-filtration
-reabsorption
-secretion
-excretion

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

what are the renal tubules comprised of?

A

-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-loop of henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-diuretics (sodium linked)

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28
Q

what are the cortical blood vessels?

A

supply the Cortex

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28
Q

what are interlobar arteries?

A

come from the renal artery and supply the renal lobes

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29
Q

what are the accurate blood vessels?

A

found at the border with the cortex and the medulla and are shaped in arcs and come from the interlobar arteries .

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30
Q

what are papillas?

A

at the top of the pyramids. link in to form minor calyx.

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30
Q

what are minor calyx?

A

drains the medullary pyramidsmid. they join to form the major calyx.

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31
Q

what is a horseshoe kidney?

A

happens to 1 in 500 people.
kidneys fuse at the lower end. more common in boys

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32
Q

where do the renal arteries come from?

A

branch directly off the aorta and typically lie behind the renal veins

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32
Q

what does the coeliac trunk supply?

A

foregut

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33
Q

what do the superior mesenteric arteries supply?

A

midgut

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34
Q

what is the drainage of the renal veins like?

A

-right renal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava
-left renal vein lies over the renal artery typically
-left renal vein has a longer course than the right

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35
Q

what is the drainage of the gonadal veins like?

A

-gonadal vein on the left drains into the left renal vein
-gonadal vein on right drains directly into inferior vena cava

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36
Q

what is polycystic kidney disease?

A

-autosomal dominant
-common cause of renal failure
-high level of parenchymal loss
-presents as raised BP, headaches, abdominal pain

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37
Q

what is the ureter?

A

transports urine to the urinary bladder. does this by peristalsis. can be blocked easily by stones as it is very sensitive

38
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

contraction of the smooth muscle to allow urine to pass.

39
Q

typically where are kidney stones found?

A

-pelvouretric junction
-pelvic brim
-trigone

40
Q

what is the urinary bladder?

A

a muscular organ comprised of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle

41
Q

what are the layers of the urinary bladder (superficial to deep)?

A

-detrusor muscle
-submucosa
-lamina propria
-transitional epithelium

42
Q

what is the triagone?

A

triangular area where the ureteric orfices are superiorly. the opening of the uterus and the urethra is inferiorly, where the urine passes to go externally

43
Q

what makes up the male reproductive tract?

A

-gonads (testes)
-vas deferens (in spermatic cord) connects testes to urethra
-prostate and other glands must contribute to ejaculate

44
Q

what are the testes?

A

-begin development in the abdomen
-descend into scrotum at 7 months in utero
-exocrine and endocrine

45
Q

what controls wether the testes are Lower down or higher up?

A

cremaster muscle, if they contract the testes rise to increase temp of sperm

46
Q

what are the two tunics of the testes?

A

-tunica vaginalis (outer)
-tunica albuginea (inner)

47
Q

what is the structure of the tunica albuginea?

A

form around 200-300 lobules and each Lobule contains around 1-4 seminiferous tubules

48
Q

what is the route of the sperm?

A

-seminiferous tubules
-straight tubules
-stored temporarily in rete testes
-efferent ductules
-epididymis

49
Q

what is somatogenesis?

A

production of sperm

50
Q

where are spermatozoa produced?

A

seminiferous tubules

51
Q

where do sperm cells mature?

A

epididymis

52
Q

how many sperm are produced a day?

A

60 million

53
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

when testes don’t drop

54
Q

what is varicocele?

A

dilation of pampiniform venous plexus, may be due to obstruction of testicular vein or higher up

54
Q

what is hydrocele?

A

accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis

55
Q

what are the 3 parts of the male urethra?

A

-prostatic
-memranous
-pendulous (penile)

56
Q

what is the urethral crest?

A

long fold in the posterior wall of the urethra (can stop passage of sperm into bladder when distended)

56
Q

what makes up the prostatic urethra?

A

-urethral crest
-prostatic utricle
-sphincter urethrae

57
Q

what is the prostatic utricle?

A

blind ended structure and represents the origin of where the vagina and uterus would have developed from

58
Q

what is the sphincter urethrae?

A

external sphincter to control urine expulsion and is a second sphincter and well as the internal urethral sphincter. the internal one is under involuntary control whereas the external one is under voluntary control.

59
Q

what is the membranous urethra?

A

cowpers glands which secrete glycoproteins in mucous during sexual arousal. this fluid produced by this gland lubricates the urethra and penis, helps remove debris and eat cells and neutralises the acidity within the urethra

60
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

biggest of the acessory glands and produces enzymes which break down proteins and maintains the semen fluid state, stops clotting here

61
Q

where is the prostate Gland?

A

inferior to bladder neck and above the external urethral sphincter, can be felt in a rectal exam

62
Q

anteflexed?

A

fundus forward relative to cervix

62
Q

anteverted?

A

orientated forward

63
Q

retroverted?

A

oriented backward

64
Q

retroflexed?

A

fundus points backward

65
Q

what is theroundl ligament?

A

maintains ante flexion of uterus, ie fundus pointing forward

66
Q

what is the broad ligament?

A

acts as a mesentery and has a minor role in keeping the uterus forward

67
Q

what is the oavarian ligament?

A

connects ovary and lateral aspects of uterus

68
Q

what is the suspensory ligament?

A

not a functioning ligament but contains blood supply of ovaries. connects to the anterior abdominal wall

69
Q

what is the rectouterine pouch?

A

double fold of peritoneum between rectum and back wall of uterus. point most inferior where infection and fluids accumulate. fluid can be extracted or sampled from here as a culdocentesis, collection of that fluid from the cul-de-sac space

70
Q

what type of epithelium is the peritoneum?

A

simple squamous (mesothelium)

71
Q

where is the parietal peritoneum?

A

it lines the internal surfaces of the abdominopelvic wall

72
Q

what is the abdominal viscera?

A

most of our abdominal organs

73
Q

Which structure of female reproductive tract catches ovum expelled from mature follicle in the pavers after ovulation and directs it into the uterine/fallopian tube?

A

Fimbriae

74
Q

where is pain felt from the visceral peritoneum?

A

on the dermatome related to the area of pathology

75
Q

what tissue envelops the kidney?

A

pararenal fat
renal fascia
perirenal fat
renal capsule
(sup to deep)

76
Q

what levels are the kidneys at?

A

T12-L3

77
Q

what is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

secretion of mineral corticoids (aldosterone), corticosteroids (cortisol) and androgens

78
Q

what arteries supply the adrenal gland?

A

superior, middle, inferior adrenal arteries from the inferior phrenic abdominal aorta and the renal arteries

79
Q

how can a surgeon differentiate a ureter from the surrounding vasculature?

A

ureter undergoes contractions called peristalsis which is neither pulsatile or in a waveform

80
Q

where in the ureter is most narrow?

A

ureteropelvic junction
pelvic brim
when ureters enter bladder

81
Q

what does transitional epithelium mean?

A

lower cells are cuboidal or columnar
apical cells when not stretched are cuboidal with a domed apex
when the bladder distends the superficial cells flatten to squamous in appearance

82
Q

what is the name of the smooth muscle of the bladder?

A

detrusor muscle

83
Q

what is the blood supply to the bladder?

A

internal iliac vessels

84
Q

what is the difference between the gonadal veins on the left and right side of the body?

A

The left gonadal vein drains typically directly into the renal vein whereas on
the right-hand side, the gonadal vein drains straight into the inferior vena cava

85
Q

describe the relations of the renal vessels and the inferior vena cava and the aorta?

A

The right renal artery is longer and crosses the inferior vena cava posteriorly. The left renal vein crosses over the aorta to drain to the inferior vena cava. The left renal artery typically lies posterior to the left renal vein. However, there are many variations in the anatomy.

86
Q

what is the serial covering of the spermatic cord typically called?

A

tunica vaginalis

87
Q

what broadly constitutes the spermatic cord?

A

the vans deferens and the surrounding tissue

88
Q

what are the 3 layers of tissue that form the spermatic cord?

A

External sprematic fascia, cremasteric muscle and the internal spermatic fascia.

89
Q

what type of epithelium is present in the vas deferens?

A

pseudo stratified tall columnar cells

90
Q

what are the 3 regions of the uterus?

A

fundus
body
cervix

91
Q

what is the function of the broad ligament?

A

maintains the uterus position

92
Q

what is the arterial supply of the prostate?

A

prostatic arteries
from the internal iliac arteries

Genitourinary System (4 decks)

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