Genitourinary system Flashcards
what is the urinary tract?
-produced in kidney
-taken from kidney in ureter
-stored temporarily in the urinary bladder
what is the vas deferens?
takes the sperm from testis to penis
what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
what is the peritoneum?
a continuous membrane which lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. it acts to support the viscera and provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera.
what is the parietal peritoneum?
lines the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall.
it receives the same somatic nerve supply as the region of the abdominal wall that it lines therefor pain from it is well localised. it is sensitive to pressure, pain, laceration and temp.
what is the visceral peritoneum?
invaginate to cover the majority of the abdominal viscera.
where does visceral peritoneum originate from?
splanchnic mesoderm in the embryo
where does the parietal peritoneum originate from?
derived from somatic mesoderm in the embryo. has the same autonomic nerve supply as the viscera it covers. pain is poorly localised and it is only sensitive to stretch and chemical irritation. pain from here is referred to areas of skin which are supplied by the same sensory ganglia and spinal cord segments as the nerve fibres innervating the viscera.
what are the inraperitoneal organs?
spleen, stomach and liver
what does retroperitoneum mean?
lie behind the peritoneum
what are retroperitoneum structures?
kidneys
T12- L3
ribs 11 and 12
part of the duodenum
descending colon
middle third of rectum
pancreas
adrenal glands
proximal ureters
only covers their anterior surfaces
what are the floating ribs?
11th and 12th
what are the placements of the kidneys like?
right one is lower than the left as liver is on right and pushes down on it
what is the function of the kidneys?
-filters waste ; produces urine
-regulates blood (pressure, ions, pH, osmolarity, volume, glucose level
-hormone production (calcitriol - active vit D)
(erythropoietin)
what is calcitrol?
regulated by kidneys
raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption from the gut, kidney and stimulation of release from bones
what is erythropoietin?
secreted in response to hypoxia or low blood glucose
what is hypoxia?
low levels of oxygen in body tissues.
what is the renal artery?
provides arterial blood to kidney for filtering
what make up the hilumof the kidney?
-renal artery
-renal vein
-ureter
what is the renal vein?
takes blood from the kidney back to the heart
what is the cortex of the kidney?
-the body, supporting tissue
-contains glomeruli, Bowmans capsule and convoluted tubules
what is the medulla of the kidney/
- the functional tissue (where the filtering takes place mostly)
-production of urine happens
-organised into renal (medullary pyramids)
what are the functional units of the kidney?
nephron and connecting tubules
what is the afferent arterioles?
where blood arrives from renal artery, then passes to glomerular capillaries
what are the stages in the kidney?
-filtration
-reabsorption
-secretion
-excretion
what are the renal tubules comprised of?
-proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
-loop of henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-diuretics (sodium linked)
what are the cortical blood vessels?
supply the Cortex
what are interlobar arteries?
come from the renal artery and supply the renal lobes
what are the accurate blood vessels?
found at the border with the cortex and the medulla and are shaped in arcs and come from the interlobar arteries .
what are papillas?
at the top of the pyramids. link in to form minor calyx.
what are minor calyx?
drains the medullary pyramidsmid. they join to form the major calyx.
what is a horseshoe kidney?
happens to 1 in 500 people.
kidneys fuse at the lower end. more common in boys
where do the renal arteries come from?
branch directly off the aorta and typically lie behind the renal veins
what does the coeliac trunk supply?
foregut
what do the superior mesenteric arteries supply?
midgut
what is the drainage of the renal veins like?
-right renal vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava
-left renal vein lies over the renal artery typically
-left renal vein has a longer course than the right
what is the drainage of the gonadal veins like?
-gonadal vein on the left drains into the left renal vein
-gonadal vein on right drains directly into inferior vena cava
what is polycystic kidney disease?
-autosomal dominant
-common cause of renal failure
-high level of parenchymal loss
-presents as raised BP, headaches, abdominal pain
what is the ureter?
transports urine to the urinary bladder. does this by peristalsis. can be blocked easily by stones as it is very sensitive
what is peristalsis?
contraction of the smooth muscle to allow urine to pass.
typically where are kidney stones found?
-pelvouretric junction
-pelvic brim
-trigone
what is the urinary bladder?
a muscular organ comprised of smooth muscle called the detrusor muscle
what are the layers of the urinary bladder (superficial to deep)?
-detrusor muscle
-submucosa
-lamina propria
-transitional epithelium
what is the triagone?
triangular area where the ureteric orfices are superiorly. the opening of the uterus and the urethra is inferiorly, where the urine passes to go externally
what makes up the male reproductive tract?
-gonads (testes)
-vas deferens (in spermatic cord) connects testes to urethra
-prostate and other glands must contribute to ejaculate
what are the testes?
-begin development in the abdomen
-descend into scrotum at 7 months in utero
-exocrine and endocrine
what controls wether the testes are Lower down or higher up?
cremaster muscle, if they contract the testes rise to increase temp of sperm
what are the two tunics of the testes?
-tunica vaginalis (outer)
-tunica albuginea (inner)
what is the structure of the tunica albuginea?
form around 200-300 lobules and each Lobule contains around 1-4 seminiferous tubules
what is the route of the sperm?
-seminiferous tubules
-straight tubules
-stored temporarily in rete testes
-efferent ductules
-epididymis
what is somatogenesis?
production of sperm
where are spermatozoa produced?
seminiferous tubules
where do sperm cells mature?
epididymis
how many sperm are produced a day?
60 million
what is cryptorchidism?
when testes don’t drop
what is varicocele?
dilation of pampiniform venous plexus, may be due to obstruction of testicular vein or higher up
what is hydrocele?
accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis
what are the 3 parts of the male urethra?
-prostatic
-memranous
-pendulous (penile)
what is the urethral crest?
long fold in the posterior wall of the urethra (can stop passage of sperm into bladder when distended)
what makes up the prostatic urethra?
-urethral crest
-prostatic utricle
-sphincter urethrae
what is the prostatic utricle?
blind ended structure and represents the origin of where the vagina and uterus would have developed from
what is the sphincter urethrae?
external sphincter to control urine expulsion and is a second sphincter and well as the internal urethral sphincter. the internal one is under involuntary control whereas the external one is under voluntary control.
what is the membranous urethra?
cowpers glands which secrete glycoproteins in mucous during sexual arousal. this fluid produced by this gland lubricates the urethra and penis, helps remove debris and eat cells and neutralises the acidity within the urethra
what is the prostate gland?
biggest of the acessory glands and produces enzymes which break down proteins and maintains the semen fluid state, stops clotting here
where is the prostate Gland?
inferior to bladder neck and above the external urethral sphincter, can be felt in a rectal exam
anteflexed?
fundus forward relative to cervix
anteverted?
orientated forward
retroverted?
oriented backward
retroflexed?
fundus points backward
what is theroundl ligament?
maintains ante flexion of uterus, ie fundus pointing forward
what is the broad ligament?
acts as a mesentery and has a minor role in keeping the uterus forward
what is the oavarian ligament?
connects ovary and lateral aspects of uterus
what is the suspensory ligament?
not a functioning ligament but contains blood supply of ovaries. connects to the anterior abdominal wall
what is the rectouterine pouch?
double fold of peritoneum between rectum and back wall of uterus. point most inferior where infection and fluids accumulate. fluid can be extracted or sampled from here as a culdocentesis, collection of that fluid from the cul-de-sac space
what type of epithelium is the peritoneum?
simple squamous (mesothelium)
where is the parietal peritoneum?
it lines the internal surfaces of the abdominopelvic wall
what is the abdominal viscera?
most of our abdominal organs
Which structure of female reproductive tract catches ovum expelled from mature follicle in the pavers after ovulation and directs it into the uterine/fallopian tube?
Fimbriae
where is pain felt from the visceral peritoneum?
on the dermatome related to the area of pathology
what tissue envelops the kidney?
pararenal fat
renal fascia
perirenal fat
renal capsule
(sup to deep)
what levels are the kidneys at?
T12-L3
what is the function of the adrenal gland?
secretion of mineral corticoids (aldosterone), corticosteroids (cortisol) and androgens
what arteries supply the adrenal gland?
superior, middle, inferior adrenal arteries from the inferior phrenic abdominal aorta and the renal arteries
how can a surgeon differentiate a ureter from the surrounding vasculature?
ureter undergoes contractions called peristalsis which is neither pulsatile or in a waveform
where in the ureter is most narrow?
ureteropelvic junction
pelvic brim
when ureters enter bladder
what does transitional epithelium mean?
lower cells are cuboidal or columnar
apical cells when not stretched are cuboidal with a domed apex
when the bladder distends the superficial cells flatten to squamous in appearance
what is the name of the smooth muscle of the bladder?
detrusor muscle
what is the blood supply to the bladder?
internal iliac vessels
what is the difference between the gonadal veins on the left and right side of the body?
The left gonadal vein drains typically directly into the renal vein whereas on
the right-hand side, the gonadal vein drains straight into the inferior vena cava
describe the relations of the renal vessels and the inferior vena cava and the aorta?
The right renal artery is longer and crosses the inferior vena cava posteriorly. The left renal vein crosses over the aorta to drain to the inferior vena cava. The left renal artery typically lies posterior to the left renal vein. However, there are many variations in the anatomy.
what is the serial covering of the spermatic cord typically called?
tunica vaginalis
what broadly constitutes the spermatic cord?
the vans deferens and the surrounding tissue
what are the 3 layers of tissue that form the spermatic cord?
External sprematic fascia, cremasteric muscle and the internal spermatic fascia.
what type of epithelium is present in the vas deferens?
pseudo stratified tall columnar cells
what are the 3 regions of the uterus?
fundus
body
cervix
what is the function of the broad ligament?
maintains the uterus position
what is the arterial supply of the prostate?
prostatic arteries
from the internal iliac arteries
