Genitourinary organisation and urinalysis Flashcards
If leukocytes are detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
UTI
If nitrite is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Gram negative bacteria in larger number e.g. E.coli
If ketones are detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Starvation or fasting or diabetic ketoacidosis
If BR is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) or gallstones
If urobilinogen is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) or haemolysis
If glucose is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
DM
If low specific gravity is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Diabetes insipidus
If protein is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Nephrotic syndrome
If blood is detected by the dipstick test, it maybe an indication of which clinical disorder?
Nephritic syndrome or kidney stones or UTI
Why should you replace the lid on the urine dipstick container immediately?
Prevent contamination of urine test strips and also to protect reagents (chemicals) on the test strips from reacting with the contaminants in the air. In particular, the test for nitrates can react with airborne chemicals.
Why is midstream sample of urine generally used for urine analysis?
Avoid contamination with the bacteria, protein or white blood cells that may be present around the patient’s urethra or genital areas.
Are the urine dipstick test measurements quantitative or qualitative?
Qualitative shows the presence or absence of a substance, whereas quantitative shows actual amounts. The dipstick test measurements may be categorised as semi-quantitative as they provide an indication of the amount but not specific values.
Specific gravity tests the concentration of the urine. A high specific gravity indicates concentrated urine which maybe an indicator for dehydration. Can you think of one normal and one abnormal scenario where the dipstick test shows low specific gravity?
Low specific gravity is an indicator of dilute urine. Normal scenario would be intake of large volumes of water, whereas abnormal scenario would be patient suffering from diabetes insipidus.
What information can you obtain from colour of the urine sample?
Colour of the urine sample generally indicates the level of hydration of the volunteer. Darker urine indicates dehydration whereas pale urine indicates normal hydration or well-hydrated.
Why is it important to know what normal urine looks like?
Urine may change colour for many reasons such as hydration state, foods consumed, drugs taken or a clinical issue. Urine may appear cloudy during UTI.
