Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 2a - Genitourinary > Genitourinary Conditions B > Flashcards

Genitourinary Conditions B Flashcards

1
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Description

A

triad of haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension due to nephron inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Triad (3)

A

1) haematuria*
2) proteinuria
3) hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Causes (5)

A

1) IgA nephropathy
2) post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
3) systemic lupus erythematosus
4) Goodpasture’s syndrome
5) infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Pathophysiology (3)

A

1) immune complex lodges in nephron capillary bed
2) inflammation and damage to nephron
3) proteins and cells (e.g. erythrocytes) pass through glomerulus into nephron tubule into urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Symptoms (1)

A

1) oliguria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Signs (1)

A

1) petechiae/purpura/ecchymoses (uraemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Complications (5)

A

1) chronic kidney disease
2) uraemia
3) hypertension
4) pleural effusion
5) ascites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Investigations (5/1)

A 
initial
1) urine dipstick (haematuria, proteinuria, pyuria)
2) urine microscopy (RBC casts)
3) BP (high)
4) eGFR (low)
5) skin swab culture (Strep.)
consider
1) kidney biopsy (underlying cause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nephritic Syndrome - Management (2/2/0)

A 
conservative
1) fluid restriction
2) salt restriction
medical
1) treat underlying cause (e.g. corticosteroids for IgA nephropathy)
2) ACEi or ARB (proteinuria)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Description

A

Tetrad of proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, oedema due to podocyte damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Tetrad (4)

A

1) proteinuria*
2) hypoalbuminaemia
3) hypercholesterolaemia
4) oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Causes (Primary) (3)

A

1) minimal change disease (most common)
2) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
3) focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Causes (Secondary) (4)

A

1) diabetic nephropathy
2) systemic lupus erythematosus
3) amyloidosis
4) hepatitis (B, C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Pathophysiology (6)

A

1) inflammation and damage to glomerular podocytes
2) proteins pass through glomerulus into nephron tubule into urine (proteinuria)
3) decreased plasma proteins (hypoalbuminaemia)
4) compensatory liver protein production (e.g. albumin, cholesterol) (hypercholesterolaemia)
5) decreased plasma oncotic pressure
6) water and electrolytes move into interstitium (oedema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Signs (3)

A

1) pitting oedema (periorbital, ankles, elbows)
2) leukonychia
3) frothy urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Complications (9)

A

1) acute kidney injury
2) chronic kidney disease
3) infection risk
4) hypercoagubility —> DVT —> PE
5) compensatory hypertension
6) cardiovascular disease
7) pleural effusion
8) ascites
9) uraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Investigations (3/1)

A 
initial
1) urine dipstick (proteinuria)
2) LFT (low albumin)
3) lipid profile (high cholesterol)
consider
1) renal biopsy (underlying cause)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - Management (2/4/0)

A 
conservative
1) fluid restriction (<1L/day)
2) salt restriction
medical
1) treat underlying cause (e.g. corticosteroids for minimal change disease)
2) ACEi or ARB (proteinuria)
3) statin (hypercholesterolaemia)
4) diuretic (oedema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Description

A

genetic disorder resulting in progressive development of multiple kidney cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Causes (2)

A

1) autosomal dominant PKD1 mutation (85%)

2) autosomal recessive PKD2 mutation (15%)

21
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Risk Factors (1)

A

1) family history (polycystic kidney disease, end stage renal failure, hypertension)

22
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Symptoms (5)

A

1) asymptomatic (up until 20 years old)
2) sudden onset severe writhing colicky loin to groin pain (renal colic)
3) abdominal/flank pain
4) haemturia
5) headaches (cerebrovascular event)

23
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Signs (2)

A

1) palpable kidneys

2) hepatomegaly

24
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Complications (10)

A

1) renal calculi
2) chronic kidney disease
3) polycystic kidney disease
4) hypertension
5) mitral regurgitation
6) aortic regurgitation
7) left ventricular hypertrophy
8) subarachnoid haemorrhage
9) gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
10) urinary tract infection

25
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Investigations (4/1)

A

initial
1) kidney ultrasound*
2) urine dipstick (proteinuria, haematuria)
3) U+E
4) fasting lipid profile (prognostic marker)
consider
1) genetic testing

26
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Diagnosis (3)

A

1) 15-39 years old —> ≥3 cysts (either kidney)
2) 40-59 years old —> ≥2 cysts (each kidney)
3) ≥60 years old —> ≥4 cysts (each kidney)

27
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease - Management (3/2/2)

A 
conservative
1) screening of children and siblings
2) monitor serum creatinine (disease progression)
3) fluids (>3/4L/day)
medical
1) antihypertensive (e.g. ACEi, never CCB)
2) analgesia (renal colic)
surgery
1) laparoscopic cyst removal
2) renal replacement therapy (ESRF)
28
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Description

A

smooth spherical extratesticular cyst in epididymal head

29
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Causes (1)

A

1) epididymis obstruction

30
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Symptoms (2)

A

1) asymptomatic (small)

2) testicular pain (large)

31
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Signs (2)

A

1) lump separately palpable from testis (often multiple and bilateral)
2) translumination

32
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Investigations (0/1)

A

consider

1) scrotal ultrasound

33
Q

Epididymal Cyst - Management (1/1/1)

A 
conservative
1) leave to resolve
medical
1) analgesia
surgery
1) excision (large)
34
Q

Hydrocele - Description

A

abnormal collection of fluid within tunica vaginalis

35
Q

Hydrocele - Causes (7)

A 
primary
1) simple
2) patent processus vaginalis 
secondary
3) testicular tumour
4) testicular trauma
5) testicular torsion
6) oedema
7) infection (e.g. tuberculosis)
36
Q

Hydrocele - Pathophysiology (Simple) (1)

A

1) overproduction of fluid in tunica vaginalis

37
Q

Hydrocele - Pathophysiology (Patent Processus Vaginalis) (1)

A

1) peritoneal fluid communicates with scrotum

38
Q

Hydrocele - Symptoms (1)

A

1) testicular pain (infected)

39
Q

Hydrocele - Signs (3)

A

1) smooth non-tender scrotal swelling
2) palpable testis
3) translumination

40
Q

Hydrocele - Investigations (0/3)

A

consider

1) scrotal ultrasound
2) serum α-fetoprotein (low, exclude seminoma)
3) serum β human chorionic gonadotropin (low, exclude seminoma)

41
Q

Hydrocele - Management (1/0/2)

A 
conservative
1) leave to resolve
surgery
1) aspiration
2) varicocelectomy
42
Q

Varicocele - Description

A

abnormal testicular pampiniform venous plexus dilation due to venous reflux

43
Q

Varicocele - Causes (1)

A

1) incompetent valves (esp. left internal spermatic)

44
Q

Varicocele - Pathophysiology (3)

A

1) incompetent valves
2) venous reflux
3) abnormal testicular pampiniform venous plexus dilation

45
Q

Varicocele - Symptoms (2)

A

1) painless scrotal mass

2) scrotal/groin pain (rare)

46
Q

Varicocele - Signs (3)

A

1) small testicle
2) left side affected
3) >12 years old

47
Q

Varicocele - Complications (1)

A

1) infertility

48
Q

Varicocele - Investigations (0/2)

A

consider

1) scrotal ultrasound with colour flow Doppler
2) venography

49
Q

Varicocele - Management (1/0/1)

A

conservative
1) leave to resolve
surgery
1) open repair (large)

Phase 2a - Genitourinary (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions