Genitourinary Analysis Flashcards
What might the presence of leukocytes in the urine suggest?
Urinary Tract Infection
What might the presence of nitrite in the urine suggest?
Gram Negative Bacteria in large numbers eg E Coli
What might the presence of ketones in the urine suggest?
Starving or fasting or diabetic ketoacidosis
What might the presence of glucose in the urine suggest?
Diabetes Mellitus
What might the presence of low specific gravity in the urine suggest?
Diabetes Insipidus
What might the presence of protein in the urine suggest?
nephrotic syndrome
What might the presence of blood in the urine suggest?
nephritic syndrome or kidney stones or UTI
What might the presence of bilirubin in the urine suggest?
Liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) or gall stones
What might the presence of urobilinogen in the urine suggest?
liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) or haemolysis
What happens when unconjugated bilirubin from RBC breakdown attaches to albumin?
It is transferred to the liver, where it combines with glucoronic acid to form conjugated bilirubin - this is then secreted out the liver to the gall bladder where it forms bile
What happens to bilirubin in the intestines?
Bilirubin -> urobilinogen -> stercobilinogen -> faeces
Why is it important to remove excess fluid on a urine dip stick?
failure to do this step properly may lead to colour bleeding from adjacent squares, providing inaccurate result
Case 1 - Alfred is a 40-year-old man who suffers from hereditary polycystic kidney disease and is currently in end-stage renal failure. What would you expect to find in the urine dip stick?
Blood, protein and nitrite
Case 2 - Tyelle is a 45-year-old musician who went for a medical check-up prior to applying for health insurance. She was asked to give a urine sample. There is nothing remarkable on physical examination. Her blood pressure is 125/78 mmHg, pulse rate is 72 BPM, and she displays a sinus arrhythmia. What might her dip stick show?
Nitrite
Case 3 - Billy is an 11-year-old boy who was admitted to hospital with dehydration. His parents said that over the last few months, he had seemed tired and lacking in energy, and that despite eating well and drinking large quantities of fluids he had lost about 7 kg (15 lbs) in weight. He also seemed to be going to the toilet frequently, not only during the day but also during the night. On examination, there was evidence of dehydration, his pulse rate was 115 BPM, blood pressure was 95/55 mmHg, respiratory rate was 20 breaths/min, and his breath smelled of acetone.
Glucose, ketones, High Specific gravity, Low pH
Why should you replace the lid on the urine dipsticks container immediately?
To prevent light from damaging the dip sticks
Why is midstream sample of urine generally used for urine analysis?
A mid-stream urine sample means you don’t collect the first or last part of urine that comes out. This reduces the risk of the sample being contaminated with bacteria from: your hands. the skin around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.
Are the urine dipstick test measurements quantitative or qualitative?
Qualitative
What does specific gravity test for?
The concentration of the urine
What does a high specific gravity suggest?
concentrated urine
How does a high specific gravity suggest dehydration?
A high specific gravity indicates highly concentrated urine
This means that there isnt much water in the urine, as your kidneys have retained it instead
Hence, the reason for the kidneys to keep the water is that the body is too dehydrated
What does urine look like with a UTI?
Bloody / cloudy
How do at home pregnancy tests via urine work?
The pregnancy test home-kits detect pregnancy through the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which is released on successful attachment of embryo to uterus wall.
