Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Urology & Renal Medicine > genitourinary > Flashcards

genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system?

A

Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the outer layer of the kidney?

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Whater is the inner region of the kidney?

A

Reanl medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Once urine is formed where does it flow?

A

minor calyx then major calyx then out through urter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood supply to and from the kidney?

A

Renal Artery to and renal vein away:

Renal A -> divides into Segemntal A -> Interlobar A -> Arcuate A -> interlobular artery -> enters nephron through afferent arterioles ->Glomerular Capillaries -> out thru Efferent Arterioles -> Peribular capillaries -> Interlobular Vein -> Arcurate Vein -> Interlobar vein -> Renal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the kidney?

A

most imp = Homeostasis of body fluids, electrolytes & acid-base balance

excretion of metabolic products e.g. urea, uric acid, creatinine

Excretion of foreign substances e.g. drugs

Regulate blood pressure

Secret hormones e.g. erythropoietin and renin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Function of Peritibular capillaries

A

bounded to nephron:
- provide oxygen and nutrients to nephron to help perform function

  • Help in reabsorption of different substances along the nephron and then take it away to the circulatory system
  • Help in the secretion of diff substances into the tubular fluid e.g drugs can be secreted into tubular fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is the detrusor muscle?

A

lines urinary bladder in both males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the detrusor muscle?

A

smooth muscle that contracts during urination to build pressure in the urinary bladder which supports urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What and where is the trigone?

A

Triangular region superior to the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the trigone do?

A

Stretching of this region to its limits signals the brain about the need for urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What marks the start of the urethra?

A

The internal sphincters(both male and female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the uretric openings?

A

in the trigone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What controls/prevents urination?

A

striated muscles = Internal and external sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What surrounds the urethra?

A

External sphicters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the internal sphincter?

A

involuntary control to prevent urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the external sphincter?

A

voluntary control to prevent urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when we urinate?

A

internal sphincter is relaxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the extra glands in males an what do they do?

A

bulbourethral glands = produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the concentration of mitochondria tell us?

A

the energy being used in different segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

does a low conc of mito mean nothing is happening?

A

no, stuff can still be happening but passively whereas other requires ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What cells in the PCT are rich in mitochondria?

A

epithelial cells - bc lots happens (glucose, bicarbonate, salt water absorption). so helps and supports reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Density of mitochondria in thin descending and thin ascending loop of henle?

A

lower density but bc water and salt are being reabsorbed passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the thick ascending loop of henle has a similar mitochondria density to what?

A

pct - ep cells w lots of mitochondria bc salt is being actively pumped out

26
Q

Density of mitochondria in DCT

A

epithelial cells rich in mito

27
Q

Density in collecting duct?

A

CD has 2 diff type of cells:
prinicpal cells - low density
intercalated cells - rich in mtito

28
Q

What are the two types of nephron and where are their glomerulus located?

A

Superficial - towards outer cortex

Juxtamdullary nephron - towards border of the medulla

29
Q

What is the differences in LOH in the 2 nephrons?

A

superficial - loop of henle = short and only extends till outer medulla whereas juxtamedullary - loh extends far into inner medulla

30
Q

ratio of the two nephrons?

A

s: j
10: 1

31
Q

Why is the cortex granular looking whereas medulla has striated appearance ?

A

cortex contains structures such as bowman’s capsule, pct, dct but medulla has long tube structures = loop of henle and collecting duct

32
Q

What are the constituents of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula Densa ( Cells on the Distal convoluted tubule that face the afferemt and efferent arterioles)

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Juxtaglmoerular cells (on Afferent arteriole)

33
Q

What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism

Renin secretion for regulating blood pressure

34
Q

Which renal blood vessel branches out to form peritubular capillaries?

A

Efferent arteriole

35
Q

Blood flow across nephron ?

A

Afferent arterioles bring in bloood to your glomerular capillaries and goes out efferent arteriole which forms pertitubular capillaries

36
Q

Where does glomerular filtration happen?

A

Bowman’s capsule

37
Q

What are the 4 main processes happening across a nephron?

A

Glomerular filtration

Reabsorption ( of certain substances into peritubular capillaries)

Secretion of substances into tubular fluis

Excretion of subsatnces

38
Q

Does every substance undergo all the renal processes?

A

No, different substances undergo a different combination of the processes.

e.g. x can undergo glom filt and excretion….

39
Q

x

A

x

40
Q

Renal processes?

A

glomerular filtration

renal

41
Q

What happens in Glomural filt

A

passive process: fluid is driven through the semipermeable glomerular capillaries into bowmans capsule space

42
Q

The filtration barrier

A

size and charge dependent
Highly permeable fluids and small solutes
impermeable to cells and prtoeins

43
Q

What is lined with negatively charged proteins

A

Glomerular basement membrane

44
Q

DIfferent pressures requiredin glomerular filtration

A

blood hydrostatic and blood oncotic

45
Q

What is hydrostatic p

A

fluid exerts this

solute and fluid pushed out

46
Q

onc

A

pushes fluid in….

47
Q

which way do fluids exert pressure?

A 
IF exters hydro in
oncotic out (opposite)
48
Q

Glomerular filt net ultrafiltration pressure

A

1.
2.
3.oncotic pressure of plasma proteins in glomerular capillaries

49
Q

oncotic pressure in bowmans capsule?

A

tiny solutes so onc pressure they exert = negligible

50
Q

NEt ultf eq

A

..

51
Q

what is the Glomerular filtration rate (gfr)

A

Amount of fluid filtered from glomeruli into Bowmans capsule per unit time (mL/min)
sum of filtration rate if all functioning nephrons

52
Q

equation of gfr?

A

GFR = Puf x Kf

Puf = net ultrafiltration pressure

53
Q

what happens if gfr imbalanced?

A

.

54
Q

.

A

.

55
Q

.

A

.

56
Q

Mechanisms by which GFR is maintained?

A

.

57
Q

myogenic…

A

.

58
Q

tubulo-glomerular

A

.

59
Q

tubulo-glomerular

A

.

60
Q

What would be the concentration of creatinine in efferent arteriole if its conc in afferent is 1.5mmol/L?

A

1.5mmol/L

61
Q

Which nephron segment is permeable to water?

A

thin descending loop of henle.

Urology & Renal Medicine (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions