Genitourinary Flashcards
what is dysuria?
painful micturition, and difficult micturition
pain on voiding typically from urethral, bladder or vaginal inflammation, UTI? May also be STI, prostatitis. Rare causes= stones, urethral lesions e.g. carcinoma.
voiding difficulty= outflow obstruction e.g. BPH, urethral stricture e.g. post-gonococcal.
what is freqency?
voiding more often.
frequent passage of small amounts of urine could be due to cystitis, urethritis, neurogenic bladder.
or bladder compression or outflow obstruction e.g. bladder tumour, enlarged prostate.
what is oliguria?
urine output <400ml/24hr- sign of shock or acute renal failure
what is anuria?
no urine output
<50ml/24hr e.g. renal stones
what is polyuria?
increase in urine volume, >3L/24hr
could be due to diabetes mellitus and insipidus, giving too much IV fluids
what is urinary incontinence?
involuntary leakage of urine
may be stress e.g. after childbirth- pelvic floor dysfunction, overflow e.g. with BPH and lower spinal cord injury e.g. IV disc herniation, urge e.g. with cystitis, renal stones, stroke and Parkinson’s disease**
what does cloudy urine suggest?
pus in UTI, but often normal phosphate precipitation in an alkaline urine.
what is urgency?
having to go to the toilet at once when feel an urge to pass water
causes of haematuria?
bladder cancer
glomerulonephritis
cystitis
renal stones
once urine has been dipped, how long must you wait before reading the strip?
30 seconds for 1st 1
2 minutes to read leucocytes at the end
start reading from the bottom of the strip, closest to handle, align up but don’t lay strip on container.
hold strip horizontal, with left hand?
what are we inspecting the urine for before dipstick testing?
cloudiness- may indicate UTI or may be normal, phosphate precipitation in alkaline urine, = transparency
macroscopic blood- maybe in cystitis, renal stones, bladder cancer
debris/odour
what odours may be smelt on urinalysis?
normal urine doesn’t really smell
old urine= ammonia
fishy smell= infection
pear drops= ketotic urine in type 1 diabetes mellitus
for what signs/symptoms is urinalysis used?
blood in urine painful micturition abdominal pain flank plain fever frequency, urgency
how recent should urine samples be when testing urine?
should be no older than 4 hours at time of testing
why should urine always be collected midstream?
so that any bacteria present in the urethra has already been eliminated, as want to know whether bacteria present in the bladder.
