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Biologija > Genetske stvari, replikacija, org i anor > Flashcards

Genetske stvari, replikacija, org i anor Flashcards

1
Q

What are biogenic elements?

A

Biogenic elements are chemical elements that are part of living organisms. They include oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and nitrogen (N), which make up 95% of the mass of living matter.

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2
Q

What is the composition of living matter?

A

Living matter is composed of approximately 60 out of the 92 known natural chemical elements, with biogenic elements being the most prevalent.

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3
Q

What are the main biogenic elements and their percentages?

A

The main biogenic elements are: O (60%), C (20%), H (10%), and N (5%).

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4
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Trace elements are present in very small (‘measurable’) amounts in living organisms, such as B, V, Ti, Se, Ra, etc.

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5
Q

What are the types of chemical compounds in living organisms?

A

Chemical compounds in living organisms are divided into inorganic compounds (e.g., water, salts, acids) and organic compounds (e.g., lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids).

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6
Q

What is the significance of water (H2O) in living organisms?

A

Water is the most abundant compound in living organisms, constituting more than 50% of their mass, and is essential for biochemical reactions and life processes.

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7
Q

What is the role of water in biochemical reactions?

A

Biochemical reactions and all life processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration, occur in water.

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8
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Hydrophilic substances are those that attract water and are soluble in it, including polar substances like some salts and sugars.

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9
Q

What are hydrophobic substances?

A

Hydrophobic substances repel water and are not soluble in it; they dissolve in organic solvents.

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10
Q

What are amphipathic molecules?

A

Amphipathic molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, such as phospholipids found in cell membranes.

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11
Q

What is pH and its significance in biological systems?

A

pH indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution, affecting enzyme activity and biochemical reactions.

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12
Q

What are the physical properties of water?

A

Physical properties of water include cohesion, adhesion, capillarity, surface tension, high specific heat capacity, and high heat of vaporization.

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13
Q

What are inorganic salts (minerals) and their importance?

A

Inorganic salts are needed in small amounts by living organisms; their deficiency can cause severe functional disorders.

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14
Q

What is the role of minerals in biological molecules?

A

Minerals are essential for the function of many biological molecules, such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin, and enzymes.

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15
Q

What are organic compounds (biomolecules)?

A

Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon (C) and include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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16
Q

What is the fundamental chemical element in organic compounds?

A

Ugljik (C) je temeljni kemijski element u sastavu organskih spojeva.

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17
Q

How do organic compounds form in autotrophic organisms?

A

Organski spojevi nastaju u autotrofnim organizmima iz anorganskih spojeva (fotosintezom, kemosintezom).

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18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipidi su raznolika skupina organskih spojeva kojima je zajednicko da nisu topljivi u vodi.

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19
Q

What are the main groups of lipids in living organisms?

A

Najvažnije skupine lipida u živim bićima su: masti i ulja, voskovi, steroidi i fosfolipidi.

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20
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

Masti i ulja (trigliceridi) su spojevi (esteri) trovalentnog alkohola glicerola i viših masnih kiselina.

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21
Q

What characterizes saturated fatty acids?

A

Zasićene masne kiseline imaju sve jednostruke veze između ugljikovih atoma.

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22
Q

What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Nezasićene masne kiseline imaju barem jednu ili više dvostrukih kovalentnih veza između ugljikovih atoma.

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23
Q

What is the role of triglycerides in living organisms?

A

Trigliceridi su izvor energije, rezervne tvari i imaju zaštitnu ulogu.

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24
Q

What are waxes?

A

Voskovi su spojevi (esteri) viših alkohola i viših masnih kiselina.

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25
What is the function of steroids in living organisms?
Steroidi su važni za regulaciju spolnog razvoja i funkcija te imaju ulogu u membranama.
26
What are phospholipids?
Fosfolipidi se sastoje od glicerola, dvije više masne kiseline i jedne fosfatne skupine.
27
What are carbohydrates?
Ugljikohidrati su organski spojevi koji sadrže ugljik (C), kisik (O) i vodik (H).
28
What are monosaccharides?
Monosaharidi su jednostavni ugljikohidrati, topljivi u vodi i slatkog okusa.
29
What are the two main types of monosaccharides?
Pentoze (5 ugljikovih atoma) i heksoze (6 ugljikovih atoma).
30
What is the composition of sucrose?
Saharoza je disaharid sastavljen od jedne molekule glukoze i jedne molekule fruktoze.
31
What is starch?
Škrob je rezervni polisaharid u biljaka, sastavljen od nekoliko stotina molekula glukoze.
32
What is glycogen?
Glikogen je rezervni polisaharid životinja i čovjeka, pohranjuje se u jetri i mišićima.
33
What is cellulose?
Celuloza je strukturni polisaharid u biljaka, dolazi u sastavu staničnih stjenki.
34
What is chitin?
Hitin je strukturni polisaharid koji se nalazi u gljivama i životinjama.
35
What are polymers?
Polimeri su složene organske molekule sastavljene od velikog broja monomera.
36
What are proteins?
Bjelančevine su složeni organski spojevi - makromolekuli sastavljeni od aminokiselina.
37
What is the general formula of amino acids?
Aminokiseline imaju karboksilnu (-COOH) i amino (-NH2) skupinu.
38
What happens during denaturation of proteins?
Povišena temperatura ili djelovanje kiselina dovodi do narušavanja prirodnog prostornog položaja proteinskih lanaca.
39
What are simple proteins?
Jednostavni proteini sastoje se samo od aminokiselina.
40
What are complex proteins?
Složeni proteini osim aminokiselina sadrže i neproteinski dio.
41
What are globulins?
Globulins are complex proteins found in blood plasma.
42
What is a prosthetic group?
A prosthetic group is a non-protein component of a complex protein, such as a metal atom, sugar, phosphoric acid, or lipid.
43
What are metalloproteins?
Metalloproteins are proteins that contain a metal atom as part of their structure, e.g., certain enzymes.
44
What are phosphoproteins?
Phosphoproteins are proteins that contain phosphoric acid, e.g., casein in milk.
45
What are chromoproteins?
Chromoproteins are proteins that contain a pigment, e.g., hemoglobin in red blood cells.
46
What are lipoproteins?
Lipoproteins are proteins that contain lipids and are found in membrane structures.
47
What are glycoproteins?
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain sugars and are also found in membrane structures.
48
What are the roles of proteins?
1. Structural: components of cell parts (membranes, chromosomes, ribosomes). 2. Regulatory: catalyze chemical reactions (enzymes) and regulate processes (hormones). 3. Transport: e.g., hemoglobin transports gases. 4. Defensive: antibodies protect against pathogens. 5. Energy source.
49
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are compounds that accelerate chemical reactions in cells and are primarily proteins.
50
How do enzymes function?
Enzymes work specifically on certain substrates and accelerate reactions by lowering activation energy.
51
What are the optimal conditions for enzyme activity?
Enzymes require optimal pH (around 7) and temperature (around 37°C) for maximum activity.
52
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
High temperatures (above 40°C) can denature enzymes, rendering them nonfunctional.
53
What is feedback inhibition in enzyme regulation?
Feedback inhibition occurs when the product of a reaction inhibits the enzyme, stopping the reaction.
54
How are enzymes named?
Enzymes are typically named after their substrate with the suffix -ase added.
55
What are nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are complex organic compounds that carry genetic information and biological specificity.
56
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - found in the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids. 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) - found in the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, and cytoplasm.
57
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA consists of two polynucleotide chains forming a double helix, composed of nucleotides with a phosphate and deoxyribose sugar.
58
What is the role of DNA?
DNA is responsible for inheritance and controls protein synthesis.
59
What is DNA replication?
DNA replication is the process by which one DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical molecules.
60
What is RNA?
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid composed of nucleotides with ribose sugar.
61
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA has two strands, RNA has one.
62
What is the role of RNA in protein synthesis?
RNA facilitates the translation of genetic information from DNA into proteins.
63
What are the types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?
1. mRNA (messenger RNA) - carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes. 2. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) - forms part of ribosomes. 3. tRNA (transfer RNA) - transports amino acids to ribosomes.
64
What are the phases of protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis occurs in two phases: transcription (copying DNA to RNA) and translation (synthesizing proteins from RNA).

Biologija (1 decks)

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