genetics year 13 Flashcards
what is phenotype
the expression of the genetic constitution and its interaction with the environment
what is genotype
the genetic constitution of an organism refering to the alleles that an organism has
what is the F1 generation
the first generation of the cross over between pure breeds
what is the F2 generation
the second generation of the cross over between the F1 parents
what is the law of segregation
phenotype is determined by alleles that occur in pairs and only one allele in the pair can be present in a single gamete
what is codominance
when both alleles are equally dominant so both are expressed in the phentype
what are sex linked chromosomes
any gene carried on the X or Y chromosome
why are recessive chromosomes on the X chromosomes more prevelent in males
males have no homologous dominant portion on the Y chromosome it would only be on the X chromosome but they are XY
what is dihybrid inheritance
how 2 characteristics determined by 2 different genes on different chromosomes are passed down and inherited
what does the crossing over of gametes from two heterozygous parents produce in crossing over
9:3:3:1
what is the inheritance ratio if you cross a heterozygous with homozygous recessive
1:1:1:1
what is epistasis
the interaction between different genes where the gene at one locus masks or suppresses the expression of another gene at a second locus
what happens in dominant epistasis
one dominant allele at the first gene locus masks the expression of an allele at the second gene locus
what happens in recessive epistasis
the two recessive alleles at one gene locus will mask the expression of alleles at the second gene locus
what is the resulting ratio for the recessive epistasis
9:4:3
what is autosomal linkage
when any two genes that occur on the same chromosome are said to be linked when it isn’t the X or Y chromosome
what is special about the crossover in autosomal linkage
almost all of the time there is no crossing over of the linked genes and they stay together to be passed on to the offspring
what is special about independent assortment in autosomal linkage
genes tend to be very close together and therefore most of the time there is no independent assortment as the chances of them being separated is very small
what are the conditions for the Hardy Weinberg equation
large population
no emigration
no natural selection
no mutations
random mating is essential
if the deviation probability is equal to or higher than 0.05 what does this mean
non-significant so the null hypothesis would be accepted
if the deviation probability is less than 0.05 what does this mean
significant and disregard the null hypothesis