Genetics Vocab 1

Question 1

An inherited factor (encoded in the DNA) that helps determine a characteristic

Answer 1

Gene

Question 2

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

Answer 2

Allele

Question 3

Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

Answer 3

Locus

Question 4

Set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

Answer 4

Genotype

Question 5

An individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus

Answer 5

Heterozygote

Question 6

An individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

Answer 6

Homozygote

Question 7

The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic

Answer 7

Phenotype/trait

Question 8

An attribute or feature possessed by an organism

Answer 8

Characteristic/character

Question 9

The rules by which traits are passed from one generation to the next

Answer 9

Transmission/mendelian genetics

Question 10

the molecular mechanism underlying gene function and transmission

Answer 10

Molecular genetics

Question 11

trait that appears in all generations

Answer 11

dominant

Question 12

hidden trait

Answer 12

recessive

Question 13

two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and then unite at random fertilization

Answer 13

Law of segregation

Question 14

during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

Answer 14

Law of Independent assortment

Question 15

the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event

Answer 15

probability

Question 16

And probability

Answer 16

Multiplication rule

Question 17

either/or probability

Answer 17

Addition rule

Question 18

the proportion of individuals in a population who have a single copy of a specific recessive mutation

Answer 18

carrier frequency

Question 19

in females where 1 X chromosome becomes a Barr body to compensate for dosages of those genes

Answer 19

X-inactivation

Question 20

either male or female reproductive structures in one individual

Answer 20

dioecious

Question 21

both male and female reproductive structures in the same organism

Answer 21

monoecious

Question 22

both sexes in the same organism at different times

Answer 22

sequential hermaphroditism

Question 23

one allele is dominant and one is recessive AA=Aa

Answer 23

complete dominance

Question 24

dosage of allele matters toward threshold activity AA>Aa

Answer 24

incomplete dominance

Question 25

different alleles have different phenotypic outcomes A=B>c

Answer 25

Codominance

Question 26

single gene with multiple roles

Answer 26

pleiotropy

Question 27

one gene masks the effect of another gene

Answer 27

epistasis

Question 28

mutations in different genes produce same phenotype or trait

Answer 28

genetic heterogeneity

Question 29

percentage of population with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype

Answer 29

penetrance

Question 30

degree to which a particular genotype is reflected in a phenotype

Answer 30

expressivity

Question 31

mutation in gametes that pass on their genetic information

Answer 31

germ line mutation

Question 32

mutation in body cells unrelated to passing on genetic material

Answer 32

somatic mutation

Question 33

a way of generating additional genetic diversity in meiosis 1

Answer 33

crossing over

Question 34

genes on the same chromosome

Answer 34

linked genes

Question 35

new gene combination

Answer 35

recombinant

Question 36

same gene combination as parents

Answer 36

nonrecombinant

Question 37

half nonrecombinant gametes, half recombinant gametes

Answer 37

single crossover

Question 38

measure of distance between genes

Answer 38

recombination frequency

Question 39

a group of identical cells that share a common ancestor

Answer 39

clone

Question 40

purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

Answer 40

Transition

Question 41

Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

Answer 41

transversion

Question 42

changes a single codon

Answer 42

substitution

Question 43

indel that alters the rest of the protein

Answer 43

frameshift

Question 44

indel that does not alter the rest of the protein

Answer 44

in-frame

Question 45

substitution that does not change AA

Answer 45

silent

Question 46

substitution that does change the AA

Answer 46

missense

Question 47

premature stop

Answer 47

nonsense

Question 48

3 mutations of the same sign to suppress the effect of an earlier mutation within the same gene

Answer 48

intragenic suppression

Question 49

increase in the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

Answer 49

expanding nucleotide repeats

Question 50

phenotypes appear earlier and more severe in offspring of affected parents than in the parents

Answer 50

genetic anticipation

Question 51

mutation works against wild type function

Answer 51

antimorphic

Question 52

mutation confers new function on gene

Answer 52

neomorphic

Question 53

increased activity or expression of gene

Answer 53

hypermorphic

Question 54

complete loss of function alleles

Answer 54

Amorphic

Question 55

partial loss of function alleles

Answer 55

hypomorphic

Question 56

Mutation that changes a wild-type phenotype to a mutant phenotype

Answer 56

forward

Question 57

mutation that changes a mutant phenotype back to the wild-type phenotype

Answer 57

reverse

Question 58

mutation changes the AA sequence without altering its ability to function

Answer 58

neutral

Question 59

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation in another gene

Answer 59

intergenic suppression

Question 60

Peas, Law of independent assortment & segregation (person)

Answer 60

Mendel

Question 61

Drosphilia, white eyed mutants (person)

Answer 61

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Question 62

X-inactivation (person)

Answer 62

Mary Lyon

Question 63

Physical basis of recombination, maize (person)

Answer 63

Barbara McClintock