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chemistry131 > Genetics Vocab 1 > Flashcards

Genetics Vocab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

An inherited factor (encoded in the DNA) that helps determine a characteristic

A

Gene

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2
Q

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

A

Allele

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3
Q

Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

A

Locus

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4
Q

Set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

A

Genotype

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5
Q

An individual organism possessing two different alleles at a locus

A

Heterozygote

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6
Q

An individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

A

Homozygote

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7
Q

The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic

A

Phenotype/trait

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8
Q

An attribute or feature possessed by an organism

A

Characteristic/character

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9
Q

The rules by which traits are passed from one generation to the next

A

Transmission/mendelian genetics

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10
Q

the molecular mechanism underlying gene function and transmission

A

Molecular genetics

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11
Q

trait that appears in all generations

A

dominant

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12
Q

hidden trait

A

recessive

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13
Q

two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and then unite at random fertilization

A

Law of segregation

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14
Q

during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other

A

Law of Independent assortment

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15
Q

the likelihood of the occurrence of a particular event

A

probability

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16
Q

And probability

A

Multiplication rule

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17
Q

either/or probability

A

Addition rule

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18
Q

the proportion of individuals in a population who have a single copy of a specific recessive mutation

A

carrier frequency

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19
Q

in females where 1 X chromosome becomes a Barr body to compensate for dosages of those genes

A

X-inactivation

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20
Q

either male or female reproductive structures in one individual

A

dioecious

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21
Q

both male and female reproductive structures in the same organism

A

monoecious

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22
Q

both sexes in the same organism at different times

A

sequential hermaphroditism

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23
Q

one allele is dominant and one is recessive AA=Aa

A

complete dominance

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24
Q

dosage of allele matters toward threshold activity AA>Aa

A

incomplete dominance

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25
Q

different alleles have different phenotypic outcomes A=B>c

A

Codominance

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26
Q

single gene with multiple roles

A

pleiotropy

27
Q

one gene masks the effect of another gene

A

epistasis

28
Q

mutations in different genes produce same phenotype or trait

A

genetic heterogeneity

29
Q

percentage of population with a particular genotype that show the expected phenotype

A

penetrance

30
Q

degree to which a particular genotype is reflected in a phenotype

A

expressivity

31
Q

mutation in gametes that pass on their genetic information

A

germ line mutation

32
Q

mutation in body cells unrelated to passing on genetic material

A

somatic mutation

33
Q

a way of generating additional genetic diversity in meiosis 1

A

crossing over

34
Q

genes on the same chromosome

A

linked genes

35
Q

new gene combination

A

recombinant

36
Q

same gene combination as parents

A

nonrecombinant

37
Q

half nonrecombinant gametes, half recombinant gametes

A

single crossover

38
Q

measure of distance between genes

A

recombination frequency

39
Q

a group of identical cells that share a common ancestor

A

clone

40
Q

purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine

A

Transition

41
Q

Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine

A

transversion

42
Q

changes a single codon

A

substitution

43
Q

indel that alters the rest of the protein

A

frameshift

44
Q

indel that does not alter the rest of the protein

A

in-frame

45
Q

substitution that does not change AA

A

silent

46
Q

substitution that does change the AA

A

missense

47
Q

premature stop

A

nonsense

48
Q

3 mutations of the same sign to suppress the effect of an earlier mutation within the same gene

A

intragenic suppression

49
Q

increase in the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

A

expanding nucleotide repeats

50
Q

phenotypes appear earlier and more severe in offspring of affected parents than in the parents

A

genetic anticipation

51
Q

mutation works against wild type function

A

antimorphic

52
Q

mutation confers new function on gene

A

neomorphic

53
Q

increased activity or expression of gene

A

hypermorphic

54
Q

complete loss of function alleles

A

Amorphic

55
Q

partial loss of function alleles

A

hypomorphic

56
Q

Mutation that changes a wild-type phenotype to a mutant phenotype

A

forward

57
Q

mutation that changes a mutant phenotype back to the wild-type phenotype

A

reverse

58
Q

mutation changes the AA sequence without altering its ability to function

A

neutral

59
Q

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation in another gene

A

intergenic suppression

60
Q

Peas, Law of independent assortment & segregation (person)

A

Mendel

61
Q

Drosphilia, white eyed mutants (person)

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

62
Q

X-inactivation (person)

A

Mary Lyon

63
Q

Physical basis of recombination, maize (person)

A

Barbara McClintock

chemistry131 (6 decks)

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