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BIOL3301 > Genetics: Transmission Genetics chap 2 > Flashcards

Genetics: Transmission Genetics chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission genetics

A

the field that describes and investigates the patterns of transmission of genes and traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

Features that made Mendel’s experiments different from those of his contemporaries were?

A

1) Controlled crosses between plants
2) Use of pure-breeding strains to begin the experimental controlled crosses
3) Selection of dichotomous traits
4) Quantification of results
5) Use of replicate, reciprocal, and test crosses

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3
Q

P generation

A

Parental generation

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4
Q

F1 generation

A

First filial generation

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5
Q

F2 generation

A

Second filial generation

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6
Q

Reciprocal crosses

A

Same genotypes,as the one from the first cross, are crossed but the sexes of the donating parents are switched

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7
Q

Test crosses

A

When an individual with certain genes is crossed with a recessive individual to figure out the gene to figure out the gene of the first individual

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8
Q

Monohybrid crosses

A

cross between individuals with different variation at one gene
A term referring to a cross between two organisms that have the same heterozygous genotype for one gene

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9
Q

Dominant phenotype

A

Strongly expressed phenotype

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10
Q

Recessive phenotype

A

usually the carriers phenotype

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11
Q

what is the phenotypic ration for a Monohybrid cross between two homozygous parents? What is the ration of a gamete self-fertilization of the F1 or cross between two F1 from that cross? What is the genotypic rations of this latter

A

1

3: 1
1: 2:1

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12
Q

Blending theory of heredity

A

It is a theory saying that offspring inherited their traits from intermediate characteristics of their parents

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13
Q

Alleles

A

Hereditary particles that are passed form generation to the next

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14
Q

Allele

A

a form of a gene that exists at

A single locus

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15
Q

Locus

A

place on a chromosome where the gene is located

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16
Q

Genotype

A

allelic composition of the cell or organism

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

an inherited characteristic

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18
Q

Homozygous genotype

A

Organism is carrying two identical alleles

ex: gg, GG,rr,RR

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19
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

Organism is carrying two different alleles

ex: Gg,Rr

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20
Q

Punnett square

A 
Method of diagramming a genetic cross is a simple tool of genetic analysis
The alleles ( in gametes) carried by one parent are arranged along the top of the square and those of the other parent, down the side
The results expected from random fusion of the gametes are placed within the square
21
Q

Law of segregation

A

It is also known as Mendel’s first law
It says: The two alleles for each trait will segregate ( separate) from one another during gamete formation , and each allele will have an equal probability (1/2) of inclusion in a gamete. Random union of the gametes at fertilization will unite one gamete from each parent to produce progeny in ratios ha are determined by chance

22
Q

Gene

A

A gene is the basic unit of inheritance

23
Q

Trait aka phonotype

A

an inherited charatecrisic

24
Q

Dihybrid crosses

A

Crosses between organisms that differ for two traits.
Ex: mono= trait is color gg X GG
Di= Traits are color and shape RRggXrrGG

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Also called Mendel’s law of independent assortment
During gamete formation, the segregation of alleles at one gene is independent of the segregatio of alleles at another gene

26
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Also called Mendel’s law of independent assortment
During gamete formation, the segregation of alleles at one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles at another gene.
The units of inheritance( genes) come in pairs:- each gamete will get only one of the units of inheritance
-The progeny then gets one maternal and one paternal copy

27
Q

Trihybrid cross

A

a cross involving three traits

28
Q

2^n

A

It is used to know the number of different gamete genotypes

29
Q

The phenotypic ratio for a trihybrid cross ( coming from a self-fertilization of F1 from a cross between two homozygous parents)

A

27:9:9:3:9:3:1

30
Q

The product rule

A

Multiplication rule

Use: “And”

31
Q

The Sum rule

A

Addition rule

Use “Or”

32
Q

Conditional probability

A

Applied when specific information about the outcome modifies, or “conditions”

33
Q

Forward Genetics

A

1) Begin with a biological question
2) Identify genetic variation (phenotype) that effects your question
3) Identify the cause of the variation
4) that gene is therefore involved in the biological function

34
Q

Reverse Genetics

A

start with the gene sequence and works backward to the mutant phenotype
Gene of interest->Mutate GOI->Analyze phenotype

35
Q

The basis for segregation and independent assortment is

A

meiosis

36
Q

Reciprocal crosses

A

Reciprocal crosses between pure-breeding parents produce identical results

37
Q

Chi-square test

A

It’s a test that determines the probabilty that a difference is caused by chance

38
Q

Chi-square test

A

It’s a test that determines the probability that a difference is caused by chance

39
Q

Null hypothesis

A

the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.

40
Q

To know about ch square test

A

If the value of p>0.05, it means that fail to reject the chance hypothesis( we accept the null hypothesis), in other words, the differences between the observed value and the expected value are caused due chance.
If the value of p<0.05, it means that we reject the chance hypothesis ( we reject the null hypothesis); in other words the difference between the value observed and the expected value are not caused by chance, therefore, the initial hypothesis is incorrect

41
Q

Rules of inheritance

A

The units of inheritance( genes) come in pairs
Each gamete will get only one of the two units of inheritance. The progeny then gets one maternal and one paternal copy
The segregation of one gene pair is most often independent of the segregation of another gene pair- independent assortment

42
Q

Why is free chromosomal assortment biologically great?

A

because genotypes created are different from the parental ones
New and more vigorous strains can be formed
Diversity enhances he chance that under changed environmental conditions some individuals will be better adapter and will survive—> basis for evolution

43
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Reciprocal crosses give different results

Male and female progeny and ratios are different

44
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

The transmission that are carried on autosomes, the chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) that are not sex chromosomes ( X and Y chromosomes)

45
Q

Pedigrees

A

Family trees
A kind of symbolic shorthand used to trace the inheritance of traits in humans and in animals such as horses, dogs,cats, cattle, and others.

46
Q

Autosomal dominant inheritance key features

A

1) Each individual who has the disease has at least one affected parent
2) Males and females are affected in equal numbers

3) Either gender can transmit the disease allele
4) In crosses where one parent is affected and the other is not, approximately half the offspring express the disease
5) Two unaffected parents will not have any children with the disease

6)Two affected parents may produce unaffected children

47
Q

Autosomal recessive inheritance key features

A

1) Individuals who have the disease are often born to parents who do not
2) If only one parent has the disorder, the risk that a child will have it depends on the genotype of the other parent
3) If both parents have the disorder, all children will have it
4) The sex ratio of affected offspring is expected to be equal
5) The disease is not usually seen in each generation, but if an affected child is produced by unaffected parents, the risk to subsequent children is ¼
6) If the disease is rare in the population, unaffected parents of affected children are more likely to be related to one another

48
Q

Hemophilia A

A

It is an X-linked recessive trait
It is caused by mutation in the factor VIII gene on the X chromosome
The mutant allele produces a nonfunctional blood-clotting protein
A de novo( newly occuring) mutation is thought have been passed from Queen Victoria of England to some of her offspring

49
Q

Expression of X-linked recessive traits

A

A hallmark of recessive X-linked inheritance is the expression of the trait much more often in males than females
Human have numerous X-linked recessive traits

BIOL3301 (3 decks)

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