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Gr 11 Bio - Genetics Test Review > Genetics Test Review > Flashcards

Genetics Test Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Nucleotide?

A

is the combination of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate.

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2
Q

What are the four different nitrogen bases in DNA?

A

A- adenine
T- thymine
C- cytosine
G- guanine
Each person contains a different combination of A-T and C-G pairs

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3
Q

3 phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis (cell division)
  3. Cytokinesis
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4
Q

Mitosis purpose and end result

A

Purpose- for growth and to replace warn out cells.
End Result- to produces two identical daughter cells.

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5
Q

Phases and structures involved for Mitosis

A

Interphase:
-Nuclear Membrane
-Chromatin
-Centrioles
-Neucleus

Prophase:
-Spindle Fibres form from your centrioles
-Chromosomes become dense
-Neuclear Membrane dissolves

Metaphase:
-Sister Chromatids meet in the middle on the equator
-Centrioles

Anaphase:
-Sister Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
-Centrioles

Telophase:
-Cytoplasm stars to split
-Nuclear membrane forms

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6
Q

Meiosis I and Meiosis II

A

(Photo)

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7
Q

Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis:
-For growth and repair
-Produced 2 identical daughter cells and incurs in the somatic (body) cells
-Diploid (2n)

Meiosis:
-For sexual reproduction
-Produces 4 unique gametes and occurs in the sex cells
-Haploid (n)

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8
Q

Terms:
Sister Chromatid

A

A chromosome and its duplicate, attached to one another by a centromere.

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9
Q

Chromatid

A

A single stranded chromosome.

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10
Q

Centromere

A

Structure that holds together chromatids.

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11
Q

Homologous Pair

A

Paired chromosomes, similar in size, shape, gene arrangement, and gene formation.

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12
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene.
(E.x. Different hair colour).

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13
Q

Crossing Over

A

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.

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14
Q

Gametes

A

Sex Cells (sperm and egg cells), have diploid number of chromosomes.

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15
Q

Haploid? What is it referred to? How many do humans have?

A

Refers to the number of chromosomes in a gamete.
Referred to as N.
In humans the haploid number of chromosomes is 23.

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16
Q

Diploid. What is it referred to? How many do humans have?

A

Refers to twice the number of chromosomes in a gamete.
Referred to as 2N.
In humans the diploid number of chromosomes is 46.

every cell in the body is diploid except sex cells

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17
Q

Synapsis

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes.

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18
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Deletion

A

A piece of chromosome is deleted.

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19
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Inversion

A

A section is inverted.

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20
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Duplication

A

A section of chromosome appears 2 or more times in a row.

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21
Q

Mistakes in meiosis:
Translocation

A

A segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome.

22
Q

Non-disjunction

A

When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not separate as they should during anaphase I or II of meiosis.

23
Q

Monosomy

A

One chromosome is lost due to non disjunction.

24
Q

Trisomy

A

The gain of an extra chromosome due to non-disjunction.
most common in chromosome 21, 18, and 13

25
Q

Autosomes

A

22 pairs of chromosomes (non sex chromosomes).
remaining 1 pair is the sex chromosome (determines sex of individual

26
Q

Genders:
Female? Male?

A

Female: XX
Male: XY

27
Q

Mistakes in meiosis results:
Turner Syndrome Characteristics

A

Short stature
Webbed neck
Sexually underdeveloped

28
Q

Mistakes in meiosis results:
Klienefelter Syndrome Characteristics

A

Sexually immaturity (inability to produce sperm)
Breast swelling

29
Q

Mistakes in meiosis results:
Down Syndrome Characteristics

A

Almond shaped eyes
Flattened face
Short stature

30
Q

Reproductive Technologies
Invitro & PGD

A

For humans — Invitro & PGD
- The technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the females body
- Offers a reproductive solution for women who have blocked fallopian tubes
- May require multiple attempts and may also be emotionally challenging for couple
- Many wonder if people will find ways to abuse the technology and if there’s a limit to how far we should go with them

31
Q

Reproductive Technologies
Gene Cloning

A

Gene Cloning:
- The use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA.
- Proteins produced in this way have numerous commercial and medical applications.
- Before gene cloning, people with diabetes used purified insulin from animal sources.
- Insulin was expensive to produce.
- Many people have concerns about the potential misuse of cloning technology.

32
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Traits are determined by 2 alleles of a gene.

33
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

The alleles from different traits segregate independently from one another, meaning that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of another trait.

this is why we are so unique, because our gene assortment is so specific

34
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic combination of gametes for a trait.
E.x. The collection of alleles that an individual contains.

35
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of a trait, based in genotype.
E.x. RR = Physically round pea.

36
Q

Dominant

A

The form of a trait that is always expressed when an individual has an allele for it.
E.x. Rr or RR = Round pea.

37
Q

Recessive

A

The form of a trait that will only be expressed if the individual has 2 alleles for it.
E.x. rr = wrinkled pea.

38
Q

Homologous

A

Describes the genotype of an individual with 2 alleles that are the same.
E.x. RR = homologous dominant
rr = homologous recessive

39
Q

Heterozygous

A

Described the genotype of an individual with 2 alleles that are different.
E.x. Rr, the phenotypic expression (observed trait) is always the dominant allele.

40
Q

Complete Dominance

A

When one allele in a pair completely masks the effect of the other allele.
So if a dominant allele is present it will always be expressed in the phenotype.

41
Q

Monohybrid Crosses:
What will the F1 generation be ur a mother who is heterozygous dominant for brown eyes mates with a father with blue eyes.

A

UPLOAD PHOTO.

42
Q

Dihybrid Crosses:
Determine the genotype and phenotypic ratios got the F1 generation for the following mating:
A homozygous free earlobes, heterozygous widows peak mates with attached earlobe, straight hairline.

A

UPLOAD PHOTO

43
Q

Patterns of inheritance and disorders:
Autosomal Inheritance

A

Inheriting traits from genes on the autosomal chromosomes.
autosomal genes can be responsible for many inherited genetic disorders

44
Q

Patterns of inheritance and disorders:
Autosomal Dominant Disorder, give an example.

A

Occurs when disease causing allele is dominant and the individual had one or both copies of the allele.
affected parents can have an unaffected child
E.x. Huntingtons disease.

45
Q

Patterns of inheritance and disorders:
Autosomal Recessive Disorders, give an example.

A

Inheritance of a recessive phenotype located on gene of an autosomal chromosome.
2 unaffected parents can have an affected child (only happens if both parents are carriers)
E.x. Cystic Fibrosis

46
Q

Incomplete Dominance (e.x. Red & White)

A

No allele is either dominant or recessive.
2 different alleles combine in the zygote.
The pink colour is produced by the blending of red and white alleles.

UPLOAD PHOTO

47
Q

Co-Dominance (e.x. Red and White)
(E.x. Miss.Kwan’s thumbs)

A

Where both alleles are expressed at the same time.

UPLOAD PHOTO

48
Q

Difference between Incomplete Dominance and Co-Dominance? (e.x. colour pink)

A

C= Incomplete Dominance
R W
E.x. C C

H= Co-Dominance
R W
E.x. H H

49
Q

Multiple Alleles:
Human blood type contain how many alleles? What are they?

A

Human blood constitute a series of 3 multiple alleles.
A
I = a dominant alleles- produces antigen A on the red blood cells.
B A
I = co dominant with I - produces antigen B on the red blood cells.
O
I = recessive allele- produced O antigen on the red blood cells.

UPLOAD PHOTO

50
Q

Antibodies:
What are the blood types? Genotypes? Antigen present? And antibody present?

A

Everyone has antibodies that react with foreign antigens to cause clumping or agglutination which can be fatal.
E.x. Antigen A would be agglutinated by antibody A.

UPLOAD PHOTO

51
Q

Multiple Alleles:
What are the blood types? Who can each receive from and donate to?

A

UPLOAD PHOTO

52
Q

X Linked Traits:
Carrier Hemophilia and Hemophiliac mate.

A

UPLOAD PHOTO

Gr 11 Bio - Genetics Test Review (1 decks)

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