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Biology Semester 2 > Genetics Stuff > Flashcards

Genetics Stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

Having two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent

A

Diploid

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2
Q

Chromosomes that have the same Genesis the same location as another chromosome but may have different alleles

A

Homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Body cell; cell that is not a gamete; always diploid

A

Somatic cell

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4
Q

Alternative version of a gene

A

Allele

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5
Q

In a eukaryotic cell, process of dividing the cell’s nucleus and genetic material between two daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

A variation of mitosis in which daughter cells receive half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

Cell that decides to produce eggs or sperm

A

Germ cell

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8
Q

Haploid cell that carries one parents genes into the next generation

A

Gamete

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9
Q

Having a complete pair of chromosomes

A

Haploid

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10
Q

Process in which a sperm and an egg unite, bringing together 2 haploid

A

Fertilization

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11
Q

Having 2 copies of each chromosomes

A

Diploid

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12
Q

Science in heredity

A

Genetics

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13
Q

Alternate form that a single gene ,at have a particular trait

A

Alleles

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14
Q

Organism with two of the same alleles for a special trait

A

Homozygous

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15
Q

Organism with two different alleles for a special trait

A

Heterozygous

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16
Q

Mendels name for a special trait that appeared in the F1 generation

A

Dominant

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17
Q

Mendels name for a specific trait hidden or masked in the F1 generation

A

Recessive

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18
Q

An organism’s allele pair

A

Genotypes

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19
Q

Observable characteristics that is expressed as a result of an allele pair

A

Phenotype

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20
Q

Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

A

Law of segregation

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21
Q

Organisms heterozygous for a specific trait

A

Hybrid

22
Q

Mendelians law stating that a random distribution of alleles occurs during the formation of gametes

A

Law of independent assortment

23
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

The process of dividing the cells nucleus of genetic material between two daughter cells

24
Q

What are the stages of interphase and how does it relate to the cell cycle?

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

25
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

S phase of interphase

26
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interfase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

27
Q

How are the sister chromatids of a chromosome similar?

A

Sister chromatid – structure that contains identical DNA copies and is formed during DNA replication. Chromosomes – DNA containing structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another.

28
Q

Give him example of a diploid cell and a haploid cell. What is the difference between these two types of cells?

A

Diploid example: bones, muscles, brain, eye. Haploid example: sperm and egg cell.
Diploid contains two complete sets of chromosomes.
Haploid contains half of the number of chromosomes the diploid has.

29
Q

Define fertilization.

A

Process by which haploid gametes combine, forming a diploid cell with 2 n chromosomes, with n chromosomes from the female parent and n chromosomes from the male parent.

30
Q

What are sex cells called?

A

X-linked trait

31
Q

What is the importance of meiosis?

A

To make more cells

32
Q

How many cells are produced by meiosis?

A

4

33
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

One of two pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent, that carries genes for a specific trait at the same location

34
Q

How are the homologous chromosomes similar to one another and how are they different?

A

Homologous chromosomes are 2 sister chromatids stuck together. They have similar genes but not necessarily the same alleles, so they could carry hair color, one with brown the other with blonde. Then homologous chromosomes share the same gene. They are similar but they aren’t identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.

35
Q

Where are the alleles Hh found within an organism’s cell?

A

Found on chromosomes

36
Q

When do homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis?

A

Wrong answer

37
Q

What process in prophase one increases genetic recombination?

A

Crossing over of chromosomes

38
Q

Sister chromatids separate during what phase of meiosis?

A

Anaphase

39
Q

How many chromosomes would a cell have during metaphase 1 of meiosis if it has 24 chromosomes during interphase?

A

24

40
Q

If there are 120 chromosomes in the nucleus of a radish stem cell, a radish egg cell would contain how many chromosomes?

A

60 chromosomes

41
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting, in gametes, with an abnormal number of chromosomes

42
Q

Why were peas a good choice for Mendel’s work?

A

Because there is no in between. they are either really short or tall; they also grow fast and they’re easy to raise

43
Q

If Mendel crossed purebred tall pea plants with purebred short pea plants and the F1 produced all talk plants, what would the suggest about this type of inheritance?

A

Dominant

44
Q

Define genotype

A

Organisms make up

45
Q

Define phenotype

A

What an organism looks like, physical traits

46
Q

Define Allele

A

One of the alternative versions of a gene for a character

47
Q

Define homozygous

A

Organism that has two identical alleles for a gene

48
Q

Define heterozygous

A

Organism that has two different alleles for a gene

49
Q

Define Punnett square

A

Diagram that shows possible combinations of gametes

50
Q

List Mendel’s 2 laws and explain each

A

A) law of independent assortment - Mendelians law stating that a random distribution of all allele occurs during the formation of gametes.
B) law of segregation - Mendelian law stating that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis

51
Q

What is the difference between and monohybrid and a dihybrid cross?

A

G

Biology Semester 2 (2 decks)

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