Genetics Review Flashcards
What are the four major biomolecules/macromolecules necessary for life?
Carbo – quick energy
Lipid – storage
DNA – nucleotide bases hydrogen bonded together
Proteins - large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body
Nucleotides:
Subunits of nucleic acids:
–Phosphate
–5 Carbon sugar
–Nitrogenous base
Purines
Nucleotides with a double ring structure
Nitrogenous base
Organic molecule
Ring containing nitrogen and carbon
Amino group that can bind H (basic)
Pyrimidines
Nucleotides with a single ring structure
Where does a pentose sugar bind to a nitrogenous base?
1’ Carbon
Where does a pentose sugar bind to a phosphate?
6’ Carbon
Central Dogma
DNA —-» mRNA —-» Polypeptide
Protein
Regulatory functions
Structural functions
Protective functions
Transport
Enzymes
Toxins
Bulk of organic matter is protein as they help your body run. Everything is made out of proteins
Phenotype
characteristics or traits of an individual organism (determined by which proteins are made, when, where, and in what quantities)
Replication
exact duplicate to replace old cells
gene
The fundamental physical unit of heredity, whose existence can be confirmed by allelic variants and which occupy a specific chromosomal locus. A DNA sequence coding for a single polypeptide or an RNA molecule
Allele
One of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other alleles by phenotypic effects.
Gene expression
Making proteins so cells can do their jobs in between divisions
Transcription
a specific gene in the DNA is transcribed into mRNA
DNA nucleotide paired to RNA nucleotide
G to C, C to G
T to A, A to U
Translation
mRNA used to make polypeptide, which can later be folded into protein
cell division
make more cells for repair, growth, reproduction
DNA replication
ALL of the DNA in the nucleus gets copied, so there are two copies of each chromosome before cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
A to T, T to A
G to C, C to G
After DNA replication, the two new copies of each original DNA strand are identical, except for where a mutation has occurred
mutation
Any change in the DNA sequence
creates a new version of the gene known as an allele
Chromosome
a single molecule of DNA
wrapped around proteins and in its condensed form
Humans have 23 unique chromosomes
Each has genes for different proteins
Homologous chromosomes
One of each unique chromosome is inherited from each parent via the egg and the sperm
Chromosomes that synapse or pair during meiosis and that are identical with respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement
Karyotype
The chromosome complement of a cell or an individual. An arrangement of metaphase chromosomes in a sequence according to length and centromere position.
sister chromatids
A pair of identical chromatids visible during mitosis and meiosis that are formed following replication of DNA of one member of a homologous chromosome pair.
Crossing over
The exchange of chromosomal material (parts of chromosomal arms) between homologous chromosomes by breakage and reunion. The exchange of material between nonsister chromatids during meiosis is the basis of genetic recombination.
