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Anatomy > Genetics Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Genetics Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

An organism’s DNA, with its genes, is organized into

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

Leads to production of two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as parent cell (2n)

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3
Q

Meiosis

A

Reduces genetic content and leads to production of sex gametes, which contains half the number of chromosomes (n)

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled chromosomes form a diffuse network within the nucleus

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5
Q

Prokaryotic

A

non nucleated, bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Nucleated, protists, plants, fungi, and animals

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7
Q

Transmission electron microscopy

A

Allowed scientists to see the cell in its highly varied and organized structure

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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-defines cell boundary
-delimits cell from its external environment
- controls movement of material in and out of cell

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9
Q

Plant cells are composed of

A

Polysaccharide (cellulose)

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10
Q

Animal cells are surrounded by cell coat

A

Glycocalyz

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11
Q

Nucleolus

A

-Location where rRNA is synthesized and initially assembled
-NOR (nucleolus organizer region)- portions of DNA that encode rRNA

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12
Q

Prokaryotic organisms

A

-Lack nuclear envelope
-long, circular DNA molecule compacted into nuclei area
-does not undergo extensive coiling like eukaryotic cells
-Prokaryotic cells lack distinct nucleolus but do contain genes for rRNA synthesis

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Colloidal material which surrounds cellular organelles

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made of microtubules and microfilaments, and provides lattice of support for structures within cell

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15
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of protein tubulin

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16
Q

Microfilaments

A

Derived from protein actin

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17
Q

Contents of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Chloroplast (plant, algae, and protozoa)
Centrioles
Centrosome

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

Site of lipid(fatty acid) synthesis

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19
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site where genetic information in mRNA is translated to protein

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

-Site of ATP synthesis
-Site of oxidative phases of cell respiration

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22
Q

Chloroplasts

A

-Found in plants, algae, and some protozoans
-Site of photosynthesis

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23
Q

Centrioles

A

-Cytoplasmic bodies located in centrosome
-Centrioles organize spindle fibers that function in meiosis and mitosis

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24
Q

Spindle fibers

A

-Composed of microtubules consisting of polymers of protein tubulin
-Play important role in movement of chromosomes as they separate during cell division

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25
Q

Centromere

A

-Constricted region on chromosomes
-Location of centromere dictates appearance of chromosomes

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26
Q

Metacentric

A

Centromere location in the middle

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27
Q

Submetacentric

A

Centromere location between middle and end

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28
Q

Acrocentric

A

Centromere location close to end

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29
Q

Telocentric

A

Centromere location at end

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30
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Pairs of chromosomes

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31
Q

Karyotype

A

number of chromosomes

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32
Q

Locus

A

Specific gene site along lengths of homologous chromosomes

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33
Q

Biparental inheritance

A

Diploid organisms
-inheritance form two parents (ovum and sperm)
-each pair of loci derived from each parent

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34
Q

Allele

A

Alternative forms of the same gene

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35
Q

Mitosis

A

-Single-celled fungi, protozoa, and algae-mitosis serves as a basis for asexual reproduction
-Multicellular organisms- responsible for wound healing, cell replacement, and growth

36
Q

Zygote

A

Single-celled fertilized egg

37
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Genetic material even dived into two daughter cells during nuclear division (2 nuclei)

38
Q

Cytokinesis

A

After karyokinesis
- Cytoplasmic division
-Partitions cellular volume into two parts and encloses each cell with a plasma membrane

39
Q

Cell cycle

A

-Continuous alternation between division and non division of cells
-Composed of interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitosis

40
Q

Interphase

A

-Initial stage of cell cucle
-Interval between divisions
-Replication of DNA of each chromosome
-Two phases of interphase are G1(gap 1) and G2(gap 2)

41
Q

G1 and G2 occur in

A

Cytoplasm
- No DNA synthesis occurs
-Phase of metabolic activity and cell growth differentiation
- by end of G2, cell has doubled in size (DNA replicated and mitosis initiated)
- now mitosis is initiated

42
Q

G0

A

Point in G1 phase where cells withdraw from cell cycle and enter nondividing but metabolically active state

43
Q

Mitosis stages

A

-prophase
-prometaphase
metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

44
Q

Prophase(mitosis)

A

-Chromosomes condese
-Centrioles (in animal cells only) divide and move to opposite end of cell
-Nuclear envelope
-Nucleolus disintegrates
-Chromatin fibers condense and become visible chromosomes

45
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Two parts of each chromosome
-genetically identical–visibly connected at centromere

46
Q

Cohesin

A

-Protein complex that hold sister chromatids together
-Complex formed during S phase

47
Q

Prometaphase

A

Period of chromosome movement

48
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosome configuration following migration

49
Q

Chromosomes move to ____ of cell

A

metaphase plate

50
Q

Spindle fibers bind to ____ and move chromosomes

A

Kinetochore (protein layers)

51
Q

During Prometaphase/Metaphase

A

-Cohesin is degraded by enzyme separase
-Sister chromatid arms disjoin and except at centromere
-Enzy
me shugoshin prevents degradation of cohesion at centromere

52
Q

Anaphase(mitosis)

A

Chromosome distribution during mitosis
-centromeres split and sister chromatids separate from each other(disjuction); they are no longer chromatid but daughter chromosomes

53
Q

Complete disjunction occurs when:

A

-Shugoshin degrads
- Cohesin complex is cleaved y separase
-Sister chromatids are pulled toward opposite poles of cell

54
Q

Telophase(mitosis)

A

Final stage of mitosis with two complete sets of chromosomes, one set at each pole

55
Q

Cytokinesis (mitosis)

A

Divides cytoplams
-Chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin again
-Nuclear envelope reforms
-Spindle fibers disappear and nucleolus reforms
- Cell enters interphase

56
Q

Kinases

A

Enzymes products of mutated genes

57
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that bind with kinases - activating them at appropriate times during cell cycle

58
Q

If checkpoints fail to recognize and stop errors, cell division proceeds and __ results

A

tumor

59
Q

Meiosis

A

-produces gametes or spores
-only one haploid set of chromosomes
-reduces amount of genetic material by one-half
-fertilization restores diploid number

60
Q

Crossing over

A

-Results in genetic exchange between members of homologous pairs of chromosomes
-created intact chromosomes-mosaics of maternal and paternal homologs

61
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Reductional division

62
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Equational division

63
Q

Meiosis- Prophase 1

A

-First meiotic division
-Diploid cell duplicated its genetic material
-Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
-Nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down, and two centromeres of tetrad attach to spindle fibers

64
Q

Bivalent

A

Each synapses pair of homologs
-Number of bivalents is equal to haploid number

65
Q

Synapsis

A

each bivalent gives rise to a unit - tetrad(two pairs of sister chromatids)

66
Q

Chiasma

A

-Region where chromatids are still intertwined
-Point where non sister chromatids have undergone genetic exchange through crossing over

67
Q

Metaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

-Chromosomes are at maximum shortness and thickness
-Terminal chiasmata hold nonuser chromatids together
-Tetrads bind to spindle fibers and moves chromatids to metaphase plate
-Alignment of tetrodes is random

68
Q

Anaphase 1 (meiosis)

A

-Homologous chromosomes separate
-At the end of anaphase 1, number of dyads equals haploid number present at poles

69
Q

Disjunction

A

-Half of each tetrad (dyad) is randomly pulled to opposite poles
-Nondisjuction may occur– separation not achieved

70
Q

Telophase 1 (meiosis)

A

-Reappearance of nuclear membrane around dyads
-Nucleus enters into short interphase period
-Chromosomes do not replicate, since they already consist of sister chromatids

71
Q

Prophase 2 (meiosis)

A

Each dyad composed of one pair of sister chromatids attached by common centromere

72
Q

Metaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Centromeres are positioned at metaphase plate

73
Q

Anaphase 2 (meiosis)

A

Centromeres divide; sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles

74
Q

Telophase 2 (meiosis)

A

One member of each homologs chromosomes (now called monads) is at each pole

75
Q

Cytokinesis (Second Meiotic Division)

A

Results in four haploid gametes from a single mitotic event

76
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Begins with undifferentiated spermatogonium germ cell enlarges to become primary spermatocyte

77
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

-undergoes meiosis II
-Produce two haploid spermatids
-Undergo developmental changes, spermiogensis
-Become motile spermatozoa or sperm

78
Q

Oogenesis

A

Formation of ova in ovaries

79
Q

Oogonium

A

Undifferentiated germ cell, enlarges to become primary oocyte

80
Q

Cell with little cytoplasm forms __

A

First polar body

81
Q

Secondary oocyte

A

-Receives bulk of cytoplasm
-Undergoes secondary division
-Divides unequally: produces two haploid cells, an ootid with bulk of cytoplasm and a second polar body

82
Q

Crossing over

A

-Occurs during first meiotic prophase
-Further reshuffles alleles between homologs maternal and paternal chromosomes
-Chromosomes segregate and assort independently into gametes
-Results in great amount of genetic variability in gametes

83
Q

Diploid organisms store __ in the form of homologous Paris of chromosomes

A

genetic information

84
Q

Fungi

A

-Predominant stage of life cycle consists of haploid vegetative cells
-Arise through meiosis and proliferate through mitosis

85
Q

Multicellular plants

A

-Life cycles alternate between diploid sporophytic stage and haploid(gametophyte stage)

86
Q

Electron microscopy revealed

A

Dispersed chromatin fibers are present in nucleus during interphase

Anatomy (6 decks)

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