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Biology: Genetics Unit > Genetics Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Genetics Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Interphase?

A
  • Marked by a period of rapid growth, the replication of chromosomes, another period of growth, and preparation for future divisions (G1, S, G2)
  • Each single strand off DNA (chromatid) duplicates and becomes double-stranded
    Each double-stranded pair is attached at the centromere, and are known as sister chromatids
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2
Q

[Mitosis] Explain what occurs in Prophase.

A
  • Chromosomes shorten and thicken (condense)
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles (they provide attachment for spindle fibers)
  • Nucleus disappears
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3
Q

[Mitosis] Explain what occurs in Metaphase.

A
  • Sister chromatids line up at the equator of the cell
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4
Q

[Mitosis] Explain what occurs in Anaphase.

A
  • Centromere divides and chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
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5
Q

[Mitosis] Explain what occurs in Telophase.

A
  • Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell, begin to lengthen, and a nucleur membrane begins to form around them
  • Spindle fibers dissolve
  • Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) occurs
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6
Q

(1) Define key terms: STRUCTURE, DIPLOID (2N), HAPLOID (N), DNA, MITOSIS, MEIOSIS

A
  • STRUCTURE: refers to any pattern in the genetic makeup
  • DIPLOID (2N): cells with paired sets of chromosomes that carry the same information
  • HAPLOID (N): cells that do not have pairs of chromosomes (sex cells)
  • DNA: the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
  • MITOSIS: a process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells
  • MEIOSIS: the process that produces haploid sex cells
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7
Q

(2) Define key terms: CHROMATIDS, CHROMOSOMES, ALLELE, SISTER CHROMATIDS, CENTROMERE, HOMOLOGUS CHROMOSOMES

A
  • CHROMATIDS: one of the two strands of a chromosome that has been duplicated/copied during cell division
  • CHROMOSOMES: microscopic threadlike part of a cell that carries hereditary information in the form of genes
  • ALLELE: a variation of a gene
  • SISTER CHROMATIDS: two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere
  • CENTROMERE: the region of a chromosome where the spindle fibers attach
  • HOMOLOGUS CHROMOSOMES: not identical, but similar
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8
Q

(3) Define key terms: GAMETOGENESIS, SPERMATOGENESIS, OOGENESIS, TELOMERE, TETRAD, NUCLEOTIDE

A
  • GAMETOGENESIS: a biological process by which gametes (sex cells) are produced
  • SPERMATOGENESIS: the biological process of producing sperm cells
  • OOGENESIS: the process of the development of female gametes (ova or eggs)
  • TELOMERE: on the ends of chromosomes, makes sure chromosomes don’t stick together
  • TETRAD: 2 homologous chromosomes that replicated into a pair of sister chromatids
  • NUCLEOTIDES: organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
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9
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Prophase I.

A
  • DNA copied
  • Nucleus disappears
  • Spindle fibers form
  • When the tetrads form and connect to each other ‘synapsis’ occurs (homologous pairs align with each other)
  • ‘Crossing over’ occurs (chromatids intertwine)
  • Genetic shuffling occurs, and it’s random
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10
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Metaphase I.

A
  • Chromosome pairs are aligned randomly
  • Genetic shuffling occurs
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11
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Anaphase I.

A
  • Unique chromosomes, sides are genetically different
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12
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Telophase I.

A
  • Information of mom and dad is here, but its PARTS of mom and PARTS of dad > not the full information
  • Nucleur membrane forms temporarily
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13
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Prophase II.

A
  • Duplication does NOT occur here
  • No ‘crossing over’ occurs here
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14
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Metaphase II.

A
  • Chromosomes line up (random alignment)
  • Genetic shuffling occurs
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15
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Anaphase II.

A
  • Chromatids are split up
  • They go to opposite poles
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16
Q

[Meiosis] Explain what occurs in Telophase II.

A

[No pairs, but separate chromatids]
- Will be split
- Each cell is unique
- Nucleur membrane reforms (only has HALF the genetic information)

17
Q

What are the 4 types of mutations? Explain how it occurs.

A
  1. Insertion > another nitrogenous base is added and everything is shifted over
  2. Deletion > when one or two nitrogenous bases are removed
  3. Inversion > when nitrogenous bases get inverted (last ‘word’ becomes first)
  4. Translocation > location of the nitrogenous bases are moved
18
Q

Describe the structure of DNA and its polymers (ex: nucleotides)

A
  • Made up of sugars (deoxyribose), phosphate, and 4 nitrogenous bases: adenine [A], guanine [G], cytosine [C], and thymine [T]
  • Each molecule of DNA is a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs
  • Sugar and phosphate molecules form backbone (“of ladder”) while nitrogenous bases form rungs
19
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines and which are pyrimidines?

A
  • PURINES: adenine and guanine, they are comprised of 2 rings
  • PYRIMIDINES: cytosine and thymine, they are comprised of 3 rings
20
Q

How do you determine the complimentary sequence of nucleotides if given a DNA strand?

A
  • A > T
  • G > C
  • When needed to know the amount of rings: use the n’s in purine (2n = 2 rings) and the n in pyrimidine (n = 1 ring), then add
21
Q

What is the “formula” to determine the number of chromosomes/chromosome pairs at each stage of meiosis?

A
  1. What ever the specified amount is x2
  4. ## The OG specified amount
  8. OG specified amount of pairs is now the single chromosomes and there are NO pairs
22
Q

Explain the process of spermatogenesis in biological males.

A
  • Equal division of cytoplasm with sperm
  • 4 cells produced via meiosis - — Diploid spermatocytes give rise to sperm cells
  • Capable of many mitotic divisions before meiosis
  • Up to 1 billion sperm cells produced per day
23
Q

Explain the process of oogenesis in biological females.

A
  • Cytoplasm of female gametes doesn’t divide equally after nuclear division
  • One daughter cell ootid receives most of cytoplasm then use the nutrients and organelles to fuel future cell divisions in the event the egg is fertilized
  • Therefore, only one ovum (egg cell) is produced
  • The other 3 polar bodies die and the body absorbs the nutrients.
  • Baby females are born with ~ 2 million primary oocytes (already entered meiosis I and remain suspended in prophase I until puberty) in ovaries
  • Most are absorbed into body
  • About 300,000 oocytes remain
  • 400-500 released during reproductive years

Biology: Genetics Unit (1 decks)

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