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Rom's BIOL1007 > Genetics Lecture 4: Replication, Mutation and Cell Division > Flashcards

Genetics Lecture 4: Replication, Mutation and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

DNA Replication

A

Correct theory is the semi conservative model.

Which states that strands act as templates, and stay intact and then join new strands.

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2
Q

What does Replication Occur?

A

In the ‘S’ phase of meiosis and mitosis.

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3
Q

What actually does DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase.

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4
Q

What is DNA primed by?

A

RNA

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5
Q

What is required for Replication?

A
  1. DNA polymerase
  2. dNTP (nucleotides)
  3. DNA template
  4. Primer
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6
Q

What are the two different strands in DNA synthesis?

A

Leading and Lagging.

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7
Q

Describe the Leading Strand.

A

Priming (primase)
Elongation (DNA polymerase) is continuous
Replacement of RNA Primer (DNA Polymerase)

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8
Q

Describe the Lagging Strand.

A

Priming of Fragments (primase).
Elongation (DNA polymerase) is discontinuous
Replacement of RNA Primer (DNA Polymerase)
Joining of fragments (DNA ligase)

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9
Q

How is DNA organised inside the cell?

A

It’s packing into structures called CHROMOSOMES which are stored into the nucleus.

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10
Q

How long is a single DNA molecule?

A

2 meters long

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11
Q

What are Chromosomes made of?

A

They’re made of CHROMATIN.

DNA exists as a complex with proteins called histones. This complex is known as chromatin.

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12
Q

What is the Structure of Chromatin?

A

They’re super coiled to make a large molecule fit in a small space.

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13
Q

What are Chromatins made of?

A

nucleosome.

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14
Q

Explain the relationships between Nucleosomes, Chromatin, and Chromosomes.

A

Histones are coiled into small structures called nucleosomes the nucleosomes are then coiled into chromatin, which is our chromosomes.

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15
Q

FUN FACT : )

A

Chromosomes only form when cells are dividing

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16
Q

What is a full set of Chromosomes called?

A

KARYOTYPE

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17
Q

What is our distribution of chromosomes?

A

22 Autosomal Chromosomes

2 Sex Chromosomes

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18
Q

Explain the difference between boy and girl chromosomes?

A

Girls has 2 X chromosomes and boys have an X and a Y.

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19
Q

Describe a chromosomal deletion?

A

removes a chromosome segment

20
Q

Describe a chromosomal duplication?

A

repeats a chromosome segment

21
Q

Describe a chromosomal inversion?

A

reverses a segment within a chromosome.

22
Q

Describe a chromosomal translocation?

A

moves a segment from one chromosome to another, nonhomologus one.

23
Q

Describe a chromosomal substitution?

A

replaces one base for another

24
Q

Describe a chromosomal insertion

A

adds an entirely new base.

25
Q

What are the possible effect of mutation?

A
  • it can have no effect
  • it can make some life unviable
  • substitutions are often silent
  • insertions and deletions are detrimental
  • can cause premature termination of a gene
26
Q

What is a Diploid?

A

A cell with 2 complete sets of chromosomes.

27
Q

What is a Haploid (sperm/ova)?

A

A cell with 1 set of chromosome.

28
Q

What is INTERPHASE?

A

When cells enlarge/copy their DNA.

FURTHER: Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends and performs the majority of its time. Then, in preparation for cellular division, it increases in size. Interphase is also considered to be the ‘living’ phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other “normal” cell functions

29
Q

Describe the Cell Cycle.

A
  1. G1 phase - gap (growth preparation)
    - Cell Begins
    - Cell Grows
  2. S phase - synthetic (DNA Synthesis)
    - DNA Synthesis occurs
  3. G2 phase - gap (growth phase)
    - cell prepare to divide
    - cell divides
30
Q

How long does the cell cycle take to complete?

A

24 hours.

31
Q

Describe the function and purpose of Mammalian Cells

A

They control the Cell Cycle, they trigger and coordinate key events.

32
Q

What happens when the Mammalian Cells fail and the Cell Cycle Continues?

A

CANCER! Cells continually grow and divide.

33
Q

What do Cyclins and Kinases do?

A

They are proteins that achieve the check points located at G1, S and G2.

34
Q

What do high levels of cyclin mean for the Cell Cycle?

A

High levels of progression throughout the cycle.

35
Q

What are Kinases?

A

Proteins that are bound by cyclin. They are constant through out the progression.

36
Q

What is mitosis?

A

general cell division for growth and repair.

37
Q

Describe the progression of Mitosis Cell division.

A
  1. Chromosome appear, nucleus breaks down.
  2. Spinde forms and the Chromosome line up in the middle of the cell.
  3. Contromeres spilt and a chromatid from each pair moves to each side of the cell.
  4. Cell divides - new chromatids/necleus forms
  5. Chromosomes disappear
38
Q

Describe the outcome of Mitosis Cell division (which consists of one single division).

A

Final product is 2 diploid cells and it’s used from growth and wound repair.

39
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Generation of Gamete - Ova and spermatozoa.

only used to generate gametes and consist of 2 divisions

40
Q

Describe the progression of meiosis Cell division.

A

It’s initially the same as mitosis.

  1. spindle forms and the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  2. cell divides
  3. division similar to mitosis then occurs but without DNA synthesis
41
Q

Describe the outcome of Meiosis Cell division (which consists of two division).

A

The final product is 4 haploid cells. There are 4 combinations which is the reason for variations between siblings.

42
Q

What is Non-disjunction?

A

When meiosis doesn’t work out and you end up with 3 Chromosomes in one cell and 1 in another.

43
Q

What does Non-disjunction cause?

A

All sorts of Diseases

Turner Syndrome - females with 1 X
Down Syndrome - 3 Chromosome 21’s
Edwards Syndrome - 3 Chromosome 18’s

44
Q

SUMMARY QUESTIONS: Detail the main features of a Eukaryotic chromosome.

A

SEE ABOVE NOTES.

45
Q

SUMMARY QUESTIONS: Describe the process of replication.

A

SEE ABOVE NOTES.

46
Q

SUMMARY QUESTIONS: Define the various types of mutation.

A

SEE ABOVE NOTES.

47
Q

SUMMARY QUESTIONS: Delineate the basic of mitosis and meiosis.

A

SEE ABOVE NOTES.

Rom's BIOL1007 (5 decks)

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