Genetics in the lab

Question 1

what is Bioarcheology?

Answer 1

the study of Hunan an animal remains

Question 2

what are the applications of techniques in genetics?

Answer 2

Molecular genetics, energy sources, risk assessments, Bioarcheology

Question 3

What is the purpose of Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)

Answer 3

To amplify DBA samples and allow for size differentiation during electrophoresis

Question 4

How do DNA fragments move through a gel in Gel electrophoresis?

Answer 4

They move using an alternating electrical current from the cathode to the anode and the smaller fragments move faster

Question 5

Why are DNA Ladders used in experiments?

Answer 5

To compare sample sizes against known standards for identification

Question 6

What is the function of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering ?

Answer 6

to cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky or blunt ends for DNA fragment insertion into vectors

Question 7

Name some applications for Gel electrophoresis

Answer 7

Gene engineering, sequencing and fingerprinting such as the southern, northern, eastern and western blot

Question 8

What are the two main DNA sequencing techniques?

Answer 8

Maxam-gilbert method (chemical method) and the Sanger method (chain termination)

Question 9

what are Gene libraries used for?

Answer 9

They are collections of genetic sequences used for studying gene function, gene mapping, and personalised medicine

Question 10

Describe the pronuclear Technique

Answer 10

Pro-nuclear injection (containing DNA) which is inserted into fertilised eggs too generate organisms or tissues so that the next generation carry the traits

Question 11

What is a transgenic animal?

Answer 11

an animal whose genome has been modified to carry genes from another species or to use techniques for animal genome editing for specific traits.

Question 12

how does CRISPR Technology use bacterial defence mechanisms?

Answer 12

The natural defence mechanisms of Bacteria is incorporated into the DNA of the organism which then take pieces of the viral genome and inserts into palindromic repeats which allows bacteria to recognises the virus more easily and so can destroy it

Question 13

what are some examples of environmental and agricultural applications of biotechnology?

Answer 13

Environmental clean up by modifying microorganisms and agricultural advancements such as increased resistance and higher crop yields

Question 14

what are some of the ethical considerations of biotechnology?

Answer 14

Debates over modifications, concerns about gm, human genetics and ecological impacts

Question 15

why is gene therapy considered to be a significant advance in medicine?

Answer 15

It allows direct genomic modification for the treatment of various conditions due to it being personalised

Question 16

How is CRISPR tech different to traditional genetic engineering methods?

Answer 16

CRISPR uses bacterial defence mechanisms for precise gene editing, improving efficiency and accuracy in GM

Question 17

What role do DNA libraries play in genetic research

Answer 17

they serve essential resources for analysing genetic sequences aiding in gene function studies, gene mapping, and personalised medicine

Question 18

what is the PCR procedure?

Answer 18

Denaturation (98’c) - separation of DNA strands
Primer annealing (55’c) primers bind to the single-stranded DNA
extension (72’c) nucleotides are added to the primers by Taq polymerase to form a double-stranded copy of the target DNA
cycle carries on until the required amount of DNA 25-30 cycles

Question 19

what is real time PCR?

Answer 19

It is the same process as PCR but using fluorescence to analyse the product while it is running

Question 20

what are the benefits of real time PCR?

Answer 20

no need to visualise through electrophoresis to make more DNA