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Obstetrics > Genetics, conception, fetal development, and reproductive technology > Flashcards

Genetics, conception, fetal development, and reproductive technology Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the basic functional and physical units of hereditary

A

genes

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2
Q

Genes are composed of?

A

DNA

Proteins

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3
Q

The human genome contains approx. how many genes?

A

30,000 genes

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4
Q

how many chromosome are their in the human cell?

A

46 chromosomes

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5
Q

___ is an individuals genetic make-up

A

genotype

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6
Q

___ is the ways in which genes are outwardly expressed

A

phenotype

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7
Q

Individuals inherit two versions of each gene, known as ___ , from each parent.

A

alleles

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8
Q

what type of allele requires two copies of the trait to be expressed?

A

recessive alleles

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9
Q

Which sex-linked inheritance can only be passed from a male parent to a male off-spring?

A

Y-linked inheritance

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10
Q

Why would a male always present w/ a genetic disorder if the x-linked inheritance whether it be dominant or recessive contains a genetic disorder?

A

Males only have one “x” chromosome causing recessive or dominant “x” genes to be expressed as there is no other “x” chromosome to mask it’s effect.

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11
Q

Which type of genetic testing detects changes in embryos that are created using assisted reproductive techniques?

A

Preimplantation testing

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12
Q

Which type of genetic testing informs parents the risk of having a child w/ a genetic condition?

A

Carrier testing

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13
Q

Which structure is:

  • covered in connective tissue
  • holds the testes
  • temperature is lower than core body
  • facilitates sperm production
A

Scrotum

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14
Q

Which structure does spermatogenesis take place in?

A

testes

(specifically within the seminiferous tubules located inside)

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15
Q

Which structure is the final duct which semen passes as it exits the body?

A

Urethra

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16
Q

Which structure does fertilization occur in?

A

Fallopian tube

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17
Q

The primary follicles that contains oocytes are located in which structure?

A

Ovaries

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18
Q

Which structure is responsible for pulling the ovum into the fallopian tube?

A

Fimbriae

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19
Q

The inner lining of the uterus is called the?

A

Endometrium

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20
Q

Endometrium is split into what two layers?

A

Basilar layer

Functional layer

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21
Q

Which endometrium layer is sloughed off during the menstrual cycle when implantation does not occur?

A

Functional layer

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22
Q

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Ovarian cycle
  2. Endometrial cycle
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23
Q

Which phase of the ovarian cycle has the greatest variability in days?

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
A

follicular phase

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24
Q

Which phase of the ovarian cycle begins when estrogen levels peak and ends w/ the release of the oocyte (egg)?

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
A

Ovulatory phase`

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25
Q

Which phase of the ovarian cycle does the corpus luteum form and begins to release high levels of progesterone?

  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase
A

Luteal phase

26
Q

Which phase of the endometrial cycle follows menstruation and ends with ovulation?

  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menstrual phase
A

Proliferative phase

27
Q

Which phase of the endometrial cycle is the primary hormone progesterone? During this phase the endometrium continues to develop and begins to secrete glycogen for the blastocyst.

  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menstrual phase`
A

Secretory phase

28
Q

Which phase of the endometrial cycle results in the sloughing off of the endometrial tissue?

  • Proliferative phase
  • Secretory phase
  • Menstrual phase
A

Menstrual phase

29
Q

Formation of a mature ovum is regulated by what two primary hormones?

A
  1. Follicle Stimulation Hormone
  2. Estrogen
30
Q

Which form of cell division produces genetically identical cells containing diploid number of chromosomes?

A

Mitosis

31
Q

Which form of cell division produces genetically identical cells containing haploid (half) number of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis

32
Q

What hormone is secreted from follicle cells and promotes maturation of the ovum?

A

Estrogen

33
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone is secreted by which gland?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

34
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

when the blastocyst is embedded into the endometrium layer.

35
Q

The outer cell mass of the blastocyst that becomes part of the placenta is called what?

A

Trophoblast

36
Q

How many weeks is considered “full-term” pregnancy?

A

39-40 weeks

37
Q

The opening b/w left and right atrium in a fetal heart is called?

Closes within 3 month of birth.

A

Foramen ovale

38
Q

What structure connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava to the right atrium?

A

ductus venosus

39
Q

What structure connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta?

Constricts after birth.

A

Ductus arteriosus

40
Q

What is the function of the cotyledons (lobes of the maternal placenta)?

A
  • Prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing.
  • Allows for exchange of gases, nutrients, and electrolytes.
41
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A
  1. Metabolic and gas exchange (nutrients, fetal waste, and CO2)
  2. Hormone production (Progesterone and estrogen)
  3. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone and estrogen until placenta can take over)
  4. Human placental lactogen (regulate glucose and stimulate breast development)
42
Q

When is the developing human most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens?

A

During organogenesis, which occurs during the first 8 weeks of gestation.

43
Q

how long is the embryonic developmental stage?

(up till it becomes a fetus)

A

implantation to 8 weeks

44
Q

What week does the heart begin to form?

When does circulation and cardiac activity begin?

When can the fetal heart tone be heard by a Doppler?

A
  • Heart forms in the 3rd week
  • Circulation and cardiac activity begins on the 4th week
  • Heart can be heard on the 12th week
45
Q

What are the three major events of the embryonic developmental stage?

A
  1. Implantation
  2. Division of germ layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)
  3. Organogenesis
46
Q

Name a dominant inherited disease.

Name two x-linked diseases.

A
  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Hemophilia and Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
47
Q

Estrogen and progesterone are initially produced by ___ before taken over by the ____.

A

Estrogen and progesterone are initially produced by corpus luteum before taken over by the placenta.

48
Q

The primary follicle (Graafian follicle) is matured under what two pituitary hormones?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

49
Q

Name the three phases of the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulatory phase
  3. Luteal phase
50
Q

Name the three phases of the endometrial cycle.

A
  1. Proliferative phase
  2. Secretory phase
  3. Menstrual phase
51
Q

What physiological changes occurs in the breast during pregnancy?

A
  • Tenderness, soreness, fullness,
  • increase vascularity (blood supply)
  • Enlargement of breast, nipples, & areola.
    • Striae may be occurring.
  • Prominent veins may appear
52
Q

What is Chadwick’s sign?

A

Bluish coloration of cervix, vaginal mucosa, and vulva

53
Q

What physiological changes occur in the uterus?

A

Enlargement and stretching of uterus to accommodate developing fetus and placenta

Decrease pH of vagina (becomes more acidic)

54
Q

By which week does the uterus move up and out of the pelvis and into the abdomen?

A

Week 12

55
Q

By which week does the uterus move up and out of the pelvis and into the abdomen?

A

Week 12

56
Q

What CBC lab changes are noticed during pregnancy?

(WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelets)

A
  • WBC ↑
  • RBC ↑
  • Hemoglobin ↓
  • Hematocrit ↓
  • Platelets - no change
57
Q

Which blood type would pregnant women be given RhoGAM?

When would it be given?

A

Rh-Negative women

Week 28 (Second trimester) and post-partum if baby is Rh positive

58
Q

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the first trimester?

A

every 4 weeks

59
Q

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the second trimester?

A

every 4 weeks

60
Q

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the third trimester?

A

Every 2-3 weeks and every week around 35-40 weeks.

61
Q

What are teratogenic agents (5) to be aware of?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  3. Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant
  4. Cocaine
  5. Warfarin (Coumadin)

Obstetrics (9 decks)

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