Genetics, conception, fetal development, and reproductive technology

Question 1

___ is the basic functional and physical units of hereditary

Answer 1

genes

Question 2

Genes are composed of?

Answer 2

DNA

Proteins

Question 3

The human genome contains approx. how many genes?

Answer 3

30,000 genes

Question 4

how many chromosome are their in the human cell?

Answer 4

46 chromosomes

Question 5

___ is an individuals genetic make-up

Answer 5

genotype

Question 6

___ is the ways in which genes are outwardly expressed

Answer 6

phenotype

Question 7

Individuals inherit two versions of each gene, known as ___ , from each parent.

Answer 7

alleles

Question 8

what type of allele requires two copies of the trait to be expressed?

Answer 8

recessive alleles

Question 9

Which sex-linked inheritance can only be passed from a male parent to a male off-spring?

Answer 9

Y-linked inheritance

Question 10

Why would a male always present w/ a genetic disorder if the x-linked inheritance whether it be dominant or recessive contains a genetic disorder?

Answer 10

Males only have one “x” chromosome causing recessive or dominant “x” genes to be expressed as there is no other “x” chromosome to mask it’s effect.

Question 11

Which type of genetic testing detects changes in embryos that are created using assisted reproductive techniques?

Answer 11

Preimplantation testing

Question 12

Which type of genetic testing informs parents the risk of having a child w/ a genetic condition?

Answer 12

Carrier testing

Question 13

Which structure is:

• covered in connective tissue
• holds the testes
• temperature is lower than core body
• facilitates sperm production

Answer 13

Scrotum

Question 14

Which structure does spermatogenesis take place in?

Answer 14

testes

(specifically within the seminiferous tubules located inside)

Question 15

Which structure is the final duct which semen passes as it exits the body?

Answer 15

Urethra

Question 16

Which structure does fertilization occur in?

Answer 16

Fallopian tube

Question 17

The primary follicles that contains oocytes are located in which structure?

Answer 17

Ovaries

Question 18

Which structure is responsible for pulling the ovum into the fallopian tube?

Answer 18

Fimbriae

Question 19

The inner lining of the uterus is called the?

Answer 19

Endometrium

Question 20

Endometrium is split into what two layers?

Answer 20

Basilar layer

Functional layer

Question 21

Which endometrium layer is sloughed off during the menstrual cycle when implantation does not occur?

Answer 21

Functional layer

Question 22

What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 22

1. Ovarian cycle
2. Endometrial cycle

Question 23

Which phase of the ovarian cycle has the greatest variability in days?

• Follicular phase
• Ovulatory phase
• Luteal phase

Answer 23

follicular phase

Question 24

Which phase of the ovarian cycle begins when estrogen levels peak and ends w/ the release of the oocyte (egg)?

• Follicular phase
• Ovulatory phase
• Luteal phase

Answer 24

Ovulatory phase`

Question 25

Which phase of the **ovarian** cycle does the corpus luteum form and begins to release high levels of progesterone? * Follicular phase * Ovulatory phase * Luteal phase

Answer 25

Luteal phase

Question 26

Which phase of the **endometrial** cycle _follows menstruation_ and _ends with ovulation_? * Proliferative phase * Secretory phase * Menstrual phase

Answer 26

Proliferative phase

Question 27

Which phase of the **endometrial** cycle is the primary hormone _progesterone_? During this phase the endometrium continues to develop and begins to secrete _glycogen_ for the blastocyst. * Proliferative phase * Secretory phase * Menstrual phase`

Answer 27

Secretory phase

Question 28

Which phase of the **endometrial** cycle results in the _sloughing off of the endometrial_ tissue? * Proliferative phase * Secretory phase * Menstrual phase

Answer 28

Menstrual phase

Question 29

Formation of a _mature ovum_ is regulated by what two primary hormones?

Answer 29

1. Follicle Stimulation Hormone 2. Estrogen

Question 30

Which form of _cell division_ produces genetically identical cells containing **diploid number** of chromosomes?

Answer 30

Mitosis

Question 31

Which form of _cell division_ produces genetically identical cells containing **haploid** (***half***) number of chromosomes?

Answer 31

Meiosis

Question 32

What hormone is secreted from follicle cells and promotes _maturation of the ovum_?

Answer 32

Estrogen

Question 33

Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone is secreted by which gland?

Answer 33

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 34

When does implantation occur?

Answer 34

when the blastocyst is embedded into the endometrium layer.

Question 35

The _outer cell mass_ of the **blastocyst** that becomes part of the _placenta_ is called what?

Answer 35

Trophoblast

Question 36

How many weeks is considered “full-term” pregnancy?

Answer 36

39-40 weeks

Question 37

The opening b/w left and right atrium in a fetal heart is called? Closes within 3 month of birth.

Answer 37

Foramen ovale

Question 38

What structure connects the _umbilical vein_ to the _inferior vena cava_ to the right atrium?

Answer 38

ductus venosus

Question 39

What structure connects the _pulmonary artery_ to the _descending aorta_? _Constricts_ after birth.

Answer 39

Ductus arteriosus

Question 40

What is the _function_ of the **cotyledons** (lobes of the maternal placenta)?

Answer 40

* _Prevents maternal and fetal blood from mixing._ * Allows for exchange of gases, nutrients, and electrolytes.

Question 41

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

Answer 41

1. **Metabolic and gas exchange** (*nutrients, fetal waste, and CO2*) 2. **Hormone production** (*Progesterone and estrogen*) 3. **Human chorionic gonadotropin** (hCG) (*stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone and estrogen until placenta can take over*) 4. **Human placental lactogen** (*regulate glucose and stimulate breast development*)

Question 42

When is the developing human _most vulnerable_ to the effects of teratogens?

Answer 42

_During organogenesis_, which occurs during the _first 8 weeks of gestation_.

Question 43

how long is the embryonic developmental stage? (up till it becomes a fetus)

Answer 43

implantation to 8 weeks

Question 44

What week does the heart begin to form? When does circulation and cardiac activity begin? When can the fetal heart tone be heard by a Doppler?

Answer 44

* Heart forms in the **3rd week** * Circulation and cardiac activity begins on the **4th week** * Heart can be heard on the **12th week**

Question 45

What are the three major events of the embryonic developmental stage?

Answer 45

1. Implantation 2. Division of germ layers (*Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm*) 3. Organogenesis

Question 46

Name a dominant inherited disease. Name two x-linked diseases.

Answer 46

* Huntington's Disease * Hemophilia and Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

Question 47

**Estrogen** and **progesterone** are _initially produced_ by ___ before _taken over_ by the \_\_\_\_.

Answer 47

Estrogen and progesterone are initially produced by **corpus luteum** before taken over by the **placenta**.

Question 48

The **primary follicle** (**Graafian** follicle) is matured under what two pituitary hormones?

Answer 48

**Follicle Stimulating Hormone** (FSH) and **Luteinizing** Hormone (LH)

Question 49

Name the three phases of the **ovarian** cycle.

Answer 49

1. Follicular phase 2. Ovulatory phase 3. Luteal phase

Question 50

Name the three phases of the **endometrial** cycle.

Answer 50

1. Proliferative phase 2. Secretory phase 3. Menstrual phase

Question 51

What physiological changes occurs in the breast during pregnancy?

Answer 51

* Tenderness, soreness, fullness, * increase vascularity (blood supply) * Enlargement of breast, nipples, & areola. * Striae may be occurring. * Prominent veins may appear

Question 52

What is Chadwick's sign?

Answer 52

Bluish coloration of cervix, vaginal mucosa, and vulva

Question 53

What physiological changes occur in the **uterus**?

Answer 53

Enlargement and stretching of uterus to accommodate developing fetus and placenta Decrease pH of vagina (*becomes more acidic*)

Question 54

By which week does the uterus move up and out of the pelvis and into the abdomen?

Answer 54

Week 12

Question 55

By which week does the uterus move up and out of the pelvis and into the abdomen?

Answer 55

Week 12

Question 56

What CBC lab changes are noticed during pregnancy? (WBC, RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Platelets)

Answer 56

* WBC ↑ * RBC ↑ * Hemoglobin ↓ * Hematocrit ↓ * Platelets - no change

Question 57

Which blood type would pregnant women be given RhoGAM? When would it be given?

Answer 57

Rh-Negative women Week 28 (Second trimester) and post-partum if baby is Rh positive

Question 58

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the **first** trimester?

Answer 58

every 4 weeks

Question 59

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the **second** trimester?

Answer 59

every 4 weeks

Question 60

How many prenatal visits typically occur in the **third** trimester?

Answer 60

Every 2-3 weeks and every week around 35-40 weeks.

Question 61

What are teratogenic agents (5) to be aware of?

Answer 61

1. Alcohol 2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors 3. Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant 4. Cocaine 5. Warfarin (Coumadin)