Genetics, Carcinogens & Cancer

Question 1

Is ras an example of an oncogene or a tumour suppressor?

Answer 1

Oncogene

Question 2

Which is more likely to be inherited- mutations in oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes?

Answer 2

Tumour suppressor genes

Question 3

Is p53 an example of an oncogene or a tumour suppressor?

Answer 3

Tumour suppressor

Question 4

BRCA mutations increase the risk of developing what malignancies?

Answer 4

Breast and ovarian

Question 5

What surveillance is offered to women who are carriers of a BRCA mutation aged 30-50 years?

Answer 5

Annual MRI

Question 6

Male carriers of the BRCA2 gene are at increased risk of developing what malignancy?

Answer 6

Prostate cancer

Question 7

Which hereditary mutation results in a 100% chance of developing colorectal cancer by age 50 years?

Answer 7

FAP

Question 8

HNPCC mainly increases the risk of which two malignancies?

Answer 8

Colorectal and endometrial

Question 9

How is HNPCC inherited?

Answer 9

Autosomal dominant

Question 10

What condition causes the presence of dark freckles on the lips, oral mucosa and palms/soles, and multiple GI hamartomas?

Answer 10

Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome

Question 11

Gardner’s syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition increasing the risk of what type of cancer predominantly?

Answer 11

Colorectal

Question 12

What genetic condition predisposes to bilateral renal cysts, retinal and cerebellar haemangioblastoma and phaechromocytoma?

Answer 12

Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome

Question 13

What genetic condition predisposes to the development of parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma, pancreatic endocrine tumours and pituitary tumours?

Answer 13

MEN1

Question 14

What genetic condition predisposes to the development of medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytoma and parathyroid hyperplasia?

Answer 14

MEN2A

Question 15

What genetic condition predisposes to the development of medullary thyroid cancer, phaeochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas and a Marfanoid appearance?

Answer 15

MEN2B

Question 16

What malignancies may be seen in association with neurofibromatosis type 1?

Answer 16

Optic gliomas and sarcomatous change of a neurofibroma

Question 17

What malignancies may be seen in association with neurofibromatosis type 2?

Answer 17

Acoustic neuromas, meningiomas and glial tumours

Question 18

What genetic condition involves spotty skin pigmentation, schwannomas and myxomas of the skin/mucosa/heart, and predisposes to endocrine tumours?

Answer 18

Carney complex

Question 19

Which malignancies are most associated with Li-Fraumeni syndrome?

Answer 19

Sarcomas and leukaemias

Question 20

Aflatoxin (produced by Aspergillus) is a carcinogen responsible for which cancer?

Answer 20

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 21

Aniline dyes are carcinogenic for which cancer?

Answer 21

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

Question 22

Asbestosis is a carcinogen predisposing to which cancers?

Answer 22

Mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma

Question 23

Nitrosamines are carcinogenic for which cancer?

Answer 23

Oesophageal and gastric cancers

Question 24

Vinyl chloride is carcinogenic for which cancer?

Answer 24

Hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 25

What are the most carcinogenic subtypes of HPV?

Answer 25

16 , 18 and 33