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genetics - bio Flashcards

1
Q

Segregation and Recombination

A
  • when egg and sperm cells are produced, there is a random seperation of homologous chromosomes(alleles
  • alleles recombine during fertilization and new gene combinations may be produced
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2
Q

Replication Process

A

the double helix structure and Base Pair Rule explain how DNA can be copied or replicated

  1. enzymes “unzip the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base paors
  2. the enzyme DNA polymerase joins the individual nucleotides to form the complimentary strand(new strand) to the existing DNA singl;e strand( template)
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3
Q

phenotype

A
  • the physical appearance of an individual
  • represented by the name of each trait
    EXAMPLE - tall, short
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4
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

Cc

A

HE

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5
Q

See Diagram/Table 80
In which situation could a mutation be passed on the offspring of one of the organisms listed in the following table?
1. Ultraviolet radiation causes fruit fly wings cells to undergo uncontrolled division, resulting in cells with 9 chromosomes
2. A cell in the wall of the human uterus undergoes a change, resulting in cells with 47 chromosomes
3. A primary sex cell in a human forms a sperm that contains 23 chromosomes
4. A cell in the ovary of the fruit fly undergoes a chromosomal change the results in 5 chromosomes per egg cell

A
  1. A primary sex cell in a human forms a sperm that contains 23 chromosomes
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6
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

HH

A

HO

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7
Q

Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled

Rr

A

round

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8
Q

All babies are _____% the same

A

99.9

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9
Q

Humans only have ____ as many genes as fruit flies

A

twice

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10
Q

Diagram 78
The diagram shows a portion of a DNA molecule
The base sequence if the un labled strand shown on the diagram is MOST likely:
1. G-A-G-T
2. C-U-C-A
3. T-C-T-G
4. G-A-G-U

A
  1. G-A-G-T
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11
Q

What happened to Franklin in 1956?

A

GOT CANCER

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12
Q

What two forms of DNA did Franklin discover?

A

A and B forms

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13
Q

Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers

Pp

A

Purple

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14
Q 
see paragraph 87-91
for each statement write 
1 - if the statement is true
2 - if the statement is false
3 - if not enough info

Transplanting genetic material into bacteria is a simple task

A

3 - not enough info

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15
Q

Genetic engineering is used in the biotechnology industry to

  1. eliminate all infections in livestock
  2. synthesize hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
  3. increase the frequency of fertilization
  4. eliminate asexual reproduction
A
  1. synthesize hormones such as insulin and human growth hormone
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16
Q

Independent Assortment

A

Genetic crosses involvong two traits

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17
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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18
Q

Size of the human Genome

A

3 Billion base pairs, 22 paired chromosomes

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19
Q

23

A

human homologous chromosome pairs

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20
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

AA

A

HO

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21
Q

The kinds of genes an organism possesses are dependent on the

  1. type of proteins in the organisms nuclei
  2. sequence of bases in the organisms DNA
  3. number of ribosomes in the organisms cytoplasm
  4. size of the mitochondria in the organismas cell
A
    1. sequence of bases in the organisms DNA
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22
Q

46

A

human Chromosomes

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23
Q

Multiple Alleles

A
  • a given trait possesses more than two alleles

- BUT, only two alleles may be present within an individual

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24
Q

The continued use of insulin from animals may cause harmful side effects in some people

A

1 - true

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25
Q

What is the purpose or goal of the human genome project?

A

To discover more about disease

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26
Q

Transcrition Process 3 steps

A
  1. enzymes “unzip” DNA
  2. enzyme RNA POLYMERASE produces single stranded mRNA moecule(Base pair ru;e, except A=U-uracil) - no thymine
  3. mRNA molecule exits the nucleus and is utilized by ribosomes to produce proteins
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27
Q

The diagram represents a portion of a DNA molecule
the letter x represents two bases that are
1. indentical and joined by weak bonds
2. identical and joined by strong bonds
3. a part of the genetic code of the organism
4. amino acids used to build folded protein molecules

A
  1. a part of the genetic code of the organism
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28
Q

heterozygous (hybid)

A

alleles are different in an allelic pair

EXAMPLE . Tt (heterozygous)

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29
Q

_________perform most life functions and make up a majority of cellular__________

A

proteins, structures

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30
Q

Largest huma gene contains ______ million base pairs

A

2.4 million base pairs

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31
Q

Approx. how many genes do humans posess

A

25,000

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32
Q

Genome

A

complete set of DNA

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33
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

Dd

A

HE

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34
Q

Where was Franklins article in the journal Nature on the structure of DNA?

A

placed at the end

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35
Q

Mutation

A

Any alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation

  • Through insertion, Substitution, Addition, and Inversion of a base from a normal DNA sequence
  • only mutations found in sex cells can be inherited
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36
Q 
See diagram 67
Which cell organelle indicated in the following diagram controls the sytesis of enzymes?
1.  A
2.  B
3.  C
4.  D
A
  1. B
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37
Q

Transcription (protein synthesis)

A
  • the production of mRNA (messenger RNA) from DNA in the nucleus of cells
  • mRNA contains instructions from DNA of RIBOSOMES to produce proteins
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38
Q

Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled

rr

A

wrinkled

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39
Q

A Dog breeder can determine that the sudden appearance of hairlessness in one of the puppies is a mutationif the dog

  1. is still hairless after 5 years
  2. shows no change in the hairless condition after its diet is changed
  3. develops other conspicuous differences from the parent
  4. is bred and the trait is capable of being inherited
A
  1. is bred and the trait is capable of being inherited
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40
Q

Gene Linkage

A

if genes for two different traits (non-allelic paors) are on the same chromosome, they are said to be LINKED and must be inherited.

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41
Q

Genetic Engineering

A
  • ## a new technology the humans us to alter the genetic instructions in organisms
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42
Q

Translation

A
  • mNRA codons are decoded to form polypeptide chains(amino acid chains—->protiens)
  • occurs at the ribosomes within cells
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43
Q

Gene Trait examples

A
  1. Height

2. Pod Color

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44
Q

The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein molecu;le is determained by the sequence of?

  1. bases in DNA
  2. glucose in DNA
  3. ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  4. chloroplasts in the vacuoles
A
  1. bases in the DNA
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45
Q

Mesenger RNA

A

Messenger RNA is transcribed in the Nucleus, then enters the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome

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46
Q

Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers

pp

47
Q

Dominance

A

Only one gene in an allelic pair is expressed

- dominant gene is expressed
- recessive gene is NOT expressed
- Example -- pea plant height(tall is dominant, short is recessive)
48
Q

Who wrote the book”The Double Helix”

A

James Watson

49
Q

When did Franlklin pass away?

A

April 16, 1958

50
Q

in DNA, the base represented by A always pairs with the base represented by?

  1. A
  2. T
  3. C
  4. G
51
Q

Name the Nitrogenus bases

A

A - adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine

52
Q

Where does Franklin go after she publicizes her article

A

Birkbeck College

53
Q

What would be most likely to happen if the ribosomes in a cell were not functioning?

  1. The cell would undergo uncontrolled mitotic cell division
  2. The synthesis of enzymes would stop
  3. The cell would produce antibodies
  4. The rate of glucose transport in the cytoplasm would increse
A
  1. The sythesis of enzymes would stop
54
Q

In a DNA moecule, the letters A, T, C, and G represent

  1. bases
  2. sugars
  3. starches
  4. proteins
55
Q

How did he characteize Rosalind Franklin in his book?

56
Q

What does Franklin call her greatest discovery?

A

Locating the complex of a virus

57
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A
  • neither allele in an allelic pair is dominant

- if both alleles are present, both are partially expressed

58
Q

What was the enviroment like for a female scientist?

A

was excluded from meetings and lunches

59
Q

What misunderstanding occured between Franklin and Maurice Wilkens?

A
  • Who was in charge

- that Franklin was Wilkins Assistant

60
Q

Base Pair Rule -

A
  • weak hydrogen bonds form between the nirtrgenous bases forming the double helix
  • Adenine always apiring with Thymine (A=T)
  • Cytosine always Pairing with Guanine (C=G)
61
Q

Sex Linkage

A
  • genes located on the X and Y chromosome are sex linked genes
  • gender affects the expression of sex linked genes
62
Q

Which mutation could be passed on to future generations?

  1. a gene change in the liver cell
  2. cancer caused by excessive exposure to the sun
  3. a chromosomal alteration during gamete formation
  4. random breakage of a chromosome in a leaf cell of maple tree
A
  1. a chromosomal alteration during gamete formation
63
Q

Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled

RR

64
Q

Sex Determaination

A
  • in humans, one pair of homologous chromosomes determines gender
65
Q

Translation Process

A

1 - tRNA(transfer RNA) delivers the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome based on its ANTICODON - (complimentary to codon of mRNA)
2 - ribosome assemb;les amino acids in a specific sequence to produce a protien

66
Q

DNA Structure

A

consists of repeating units called nucleotides

67
Q

Under certainconditions, bacteria reproduce at a rapid rate

68
Q 
DNA . -  mRNA
A - 
A - 
C - 
C - 
T - 
G -
A

mRNA

  • u
  • u
  • G
  • G
  • A
  • C
69
Q

Completing the Polypeptide(Translation)

A

The process continues until the ribosome reaches one of the three stop codons.
2. The resu;lt is a complete polypeptide

70
Q

What is the role of DNA molecu;les in the synthesis of proteins?
1/ . They catalyze the formation of bonds between amino acids
2. They determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein
3. They transfer amino acids from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
4. They supply energy for protein sythesis

A
  1. They determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein
71
Q

Approx 3.2 billion

A

human base pairs

72
Q

DNA parts (3)

A
  1. deoxyribose (5 carbon sugar)
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenus bases
73
Q

The bacteria used in these experimants are normally found only in the nerve tissue of humans

74
Q

Protiens are made up od chains of

A

amino acids

75
Q

Chromosome number __ has the most genes and the ___ . chromosome has the fewest

76
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

Ee

77
Q

A change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule is most accurately referred to as

  1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
  2. a chromosomal replication
  3. carbohydrate molecule synthesis
  4. selective breeding
A
  1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
78
Q

Where did Rosalind Franklin study physics and chemistry? And later offered a position?

A

Cambridge x 2

79
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes which are the same size and shape

  • control same genetic info (same traits, different alleles)
  • exist in pairs
80
Q

genotype

A
  • the genetic make-up of an individual
  • represented by letters
    EXAMPLE TT, Tt, tt
81
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A
  • Proposed the Base Pair Rule

- proposed the structure od DNA to be a double helix

82
Q

in all living cells, DNA controls cellular activities by?

  1. determining the order of amino acids in protein molecules
  2. regulating the concentration of molecules on both sides of the cell membrane
  3. varying the rates of starch synthesis
  4. coordinating active and passive transport
A
  1. determining the order of amino acids in protein molecules
83
Q

In recent research , the DNA that codes for a different key enzyme was removed from three different species of soil bacteria. A new bacterium containing DNA for all three key enzymes, could be produced by

  1. selective breeding
  2. screeing for mutations
  3. genetic engineering
  4. random alteration
A
  1. genetic engineering
84
Q

In 1962 who was awared the Nobel for the discoverey of the structure of DNA?

A

Francis Crick
James Watson
Morris Wilkins

85
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

ff

86
Q

Purple Flowers are dominant to white flowers

PP

87
Q

chromosome

A

Rod-like structures of DNA which contain genetic information.
- contain many genes

88
Q

Only about ___% of your DNA is active

89
Q

The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA

  1. directs the production of enzymes
  2. is a structuralcomponent of cell membranes
  3. directly increases the solubility of nutrients
  4. is a major component of the cytoplasm
A
  1. directs the production of enzymes
90
Q

Protein Synthesis

A
  1. The process of synthesizing a protein begins in the nucleus
  2. There, the DNA code of a gene is “read” by a special enzyme and used to produce a “messenger” molecule
  3. This messenger travels to the ribosmes in the cells cytoplasm
  4. With the aid of specilized transfer molecules amino acids are moved to the ribosomes for assembly into protein
  5. They are bonded in a specified order b\y the messenger
  6. therefore the overall structure is determained by the genes DNA sequence in the nucleus
91
Q

Selective breeding

A

a process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with traits that are desirable

92
Q 
See diagram 65
Within a living cell which organelles are necessary for Process B?
1.  Ribosomes
2.  nucleus
3.  vacuoles
4.  cell membranes
93
Q

The Individuality of an organism is determined by the organisms

  1. amino acids
  2. nitrogen bases
  3. DNA sequence
  4. order of ribosomes
A
  1. DNA base sequence
94
Q

Punnett Squares

A

used to predict outcome of genetic crosses

95
Q

Name the 3 parts

A
  1. deoxyribose
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogenus bases
96
Q

Gene - definition

A

a chemical factor (DNA) which determines a trait

97
Q

Gene manipulation

A
  • plants and animals genetically engineered by manipulating their DNA instructions
  • the result is new characteristics and new varieties with better traits
  • method use: altering genes in organisms using special enzymes and then slicing and moving and attaching segments to the DNA of the new organism
98
Q

When did Franklin ger her best picture? and what did she title it?

A

May 1952

Photo 51

99
Q

The individuality of an organism is determined by the

  1. sequence of the bases in DNA
  2. number of amino acids in a cell
  3. position of ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  4. number of bases in mitochondria
A
  1. sequence of the bases in DNA
100
Q

Approx 25000?

A

human different genes

101
Q

What city did Rosalind perfect her work in chrystallography?

102
Q

Indicate whether it is heterozygous(HE) or homozygous (HO)

Bb

103
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Discovered the double helix

104
Q

Assume that a section of a double0- stranded DNA contains 100 base paors. If 40 of the pairs contains base C, how many of the pairs would contain base A?

A

60? Explain to dad

105
Q

Mutations can be transmitted to the next generation if they present in

  1. brain cells
  2. sex cells
  3. body cells
  4. muscle cells
106
Q

DNA function

A

controls the cellular activities by directing the production of protiens

107
Q

homozygous (pure)

A

both alleles are the same in an allelic pair
- EXAMPLE TT )homozygous dominant)
tt . (homozygous recessive)

108
Q

Who gave Rosalind Franklin credit for her work in science in his own Nobel speach?

A

Sir Aaron Clug

109
Q

The insertion of a human DNA fragment into a bacterial cell might make it possible for

  1. the bacterial cell to produce a human protein
  2. the cloning of the human that donated the DNA fragment
A
  1. the bacterial cell to produce a human protein
110
Q

A change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule is most accurately referred to as

  1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
  2. a chromosomal replication
  3. carbohydrate molecule synthesis
  4. selective breeding
A
  1. an insertion, deletion, or substitution
111
Q

Polypeptide “Assembly line” (Translation)

A
  1. The ribosomes joins the two amino acides - methionine and phenyla;anine, and breaks the bond between methionine and its RNA.
  2. The tRNA floats away from the ribosome, allowing the ribosome to bind another tRNA.
  3. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, binding the new tRNA molecules and amino acids.
112
Q 
See diagram 65
Within whioch organelle does process A occur?
1.   ribosome
2.  nucleus
3.  vacuole
4.  cell membrane
113
Q

Bacteria other than ECOLI are unable to produce insulin

A

3 - not enough info

biology genetics test (1 decks)

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