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Biology U4 > Genetics And Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Genetics And Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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0
Q

Why is the DNA copied into RNA?

A

The DNA is too large to move out of the nucleus, so it is copied into RNA.

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1
Q

What is the organelle for protein synthesis and where is it found?

A

The ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm.

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2
Q

What is transcription?

A

A section of DNA is copied into RNA

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3
Q

RNA is a single $$$ strand?

A

RNA is a single POLYNUCLEOTIDE strand.

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4
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

The sugar ribose

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5
Q

Uracil replaces which base in protein synthesis?

A

THYMINE!

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6
Q

When the RNA leaves the nucleus it joins with what in the cytoplasm?

A

A RIBOSOME!

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7
Q

Once the RNA has joined with a ribosome, it can be used to synthesise a ¥¥¥ in the cytoplasm?

A

Protein!

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8
Q

In simple, brief terms what is translation?

A

The RNA joining with a ribosome and synthesising a protein.

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9
Q

mRNA?

A
  • carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm,where it’s used to make a protein during translation.
  • three adjacent bases are called a codon.
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10
Q

tRNA?

A
  • it carries the amino acids that are used to make proteins to the ribosomes
  • it has an amino acid binding site at one end and a sequence of 3 bases at the other end called a codon.
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11
Q

Which comes first, transcription or translation?

A

Transcription then translation

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12
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: step 1

Transcription starts when RNA polymerase attaches to ¥¥¥ &&&& at the beginning of a gene

A

DNA double-helix

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13
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: step 2

the

A

HYDROGEN!

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14
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: step 3

What is used as a template to make an mRNA copy.

A

One of the uncoiled DNA strands

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15
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: step 3

What is the antisense strand?

A

The DNA template strand

16
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: (step 4)

The RNA polymerase lines up

A

Free RNA nucleotides

17
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: (step 4)

What is complimentary base pairing?

A

It means that the mRNA strand ends up being a reverse copy of the DNA template strand (except the base T is replaced by U in RNA)

18
Q

TRANSCRIPTION: (step 5)
What molecule is formed when the RNA nucleotides have paired up with their complementary bases on the DNA strand and been joined together?

A

An mRNA molecule

19
Q

TRANSCRIPTION:(step 6)

What does RNA polymerase do once the first mRNA molecule has been formed?

A

The RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, separating the strands and assembling the mRNA strand.

20
Q

TRANSCRIPTION (step 7)

What happens to the uncoiled strands of DNA now the RNA polymerase has passed by?

A

The hydrogen bonds between the uncoiled strands of DNA reform and the strands coil back into a double helix.

21
Q

TRANSCRIPTION (step 8)

What stops RNA polymerase making mRNA

A

A stop codon, and then the RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA.

22
Q

TRANSCRIPTION (step 9)

Through what does the mRNA move out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear pore

23
Q

TRANSCRIPTION (step 9)

Once the mRNA has left the nucleus, what does it do?

A

The mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation takes place.

24
Q

What are introns?

A

Sections of DNA that don’t code for amino acids.

25
Q

What are exons?

A

Bits of DNA that do code for amino acids

26
Q

During transcription, the introns and exons are both copied onto what?

A

mRNA

27
Q

After transcription where both the introns and exons are copied into mRNA, what happens to the introns and what is the process called?

A

The introns are removed by a process called ‘splicing’ where introns are removed and exons are joined forming mRNA strands.

28
Q

Where does splicing take place?

A

The nucleus

29
Q

The exons can be joined together in different orders to form different mRNA strands. Why?

A

This means that more than one amino acid sequence and so more than one protein can be produced from one gene.

30
Q

TRANSLATION (step 1)

The mRNA attaches itself to a ribosome and which molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome?

A

tRNA molecules.

31
Q

TRANSLATION (step 2)

How does the tRNA molecule attach itself to the mRNA molecule?

A

Complementary base pairing.

32
Q

TRANSCRIPTION (step 3)

What happens after the first tRNA molecule attaches itself to the mRNA?

A

A second tRNA molecule attaches itself to the next codon on the mRNA in the same way.

33
Q

TRANSLATION (step 4)

What kind of bond joins the two amino acids attached to the tRNA molecules?

A

a peptide bond

34
Q

TRANSLATION (step 4)
The first tRNA molecule moves away once the two amino acids have been joined by peptide bonds, and the first tRNA’s what is left behind?

A

Amino acid!

35
Q

TRANSLATION (step 5)

A third tRNA molecule binds to the next codon on the mRNA. It’s

A

Amino acid!

36
Q

TRANSLATION (step 6)
The process of tRNA molecules moving away from the mRNA once the amino acids have joined continues, what does it produce and when does it stop?

A

A polypeptide chain, and it stops when there’s a stop codon on the mRNA molecule.

37
Q

TRANSLATION (step 7)

What is the final step?

A

The polypeptide chain (protein) moves away from the ribosome and translation is complete.

Biology U4 (2 decks)

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