Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Genetics and Inheritance > Flashcards

Genetics and Inheritance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sum total of all of its DNA, even though not all of that DNA codes for proteins

A

genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA sequences that code for one or more specific proteins are called

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the study of DNA and genes and their transmission from one generation to the next.

A

genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens just before egg and sperm are formed so that the genes we inherit
are also different from our siblings?

A

the genes reshuffle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

variations on genes are essential for

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are identifiable in cells only just before cell division.

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

before cell division, each chromosome can be identified by its

A
  • character size
  • centromere location
  • distinct banding pattern
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A composite display of all the chromosomes of an organism

A

karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1-22nd chromosome

A

autosome and homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

23rd chromosome

A

sex chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The sex chromosomes look different from each other and function differently because

A

they carry different genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Humans inherit how many of each pair of autosomes and how many sex chromosomes from each parent, giving us two copies of each gene.

A

1; 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

may exist between any pair of autosomes.

A

small differences in DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sequence differences that occur within genes thus, producing alternative versions of genes

A

Alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

If an individual possesses two identical alleles of a particular gene, the person is said to be ______ for that gene

A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A person who has two different alleles of a gene is

A

heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

an individual can only inherit how many alleles even if there are more than two alleles of a particular gene in the human population?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where did these different alleles come from?

A

millions of years of mutations of cells destined to be sperm or egg. and because they did not cause the cell to be nonviable, they continued.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

all the various genes and their alleles in the human population are known as the

A

human gene pool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Your complete set of alleles

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the observable physical and functional traits that characterize you.

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Your phenotype is determined not only by the alleles you inherit from your parents (your genotype) but also by

A

environmental factors and lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When gametes (sperm and eggs) are formed in the parents, each gamete receives only ___ of the parents’ two alleles.

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

described many of the fundamental principles of inheritance through a number of experiments involving controlled breeding of garden peas.

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most do not confer a distinct advantage or disadvantage to the homozygous recessive person.

A

recessive alleles

26
Q

These alleles no longer code for a specific essential protein because their nucleotide sequence has been altered slightly from the dominant form.

A

Alleles that result in the loss of functionality of proteuins

27
Q

In principle, the frequency of truly harmful recessive alleles in a population is kept in check by the

A

occasional premature death of homozygous recessives

28
Q

Inheritance of two copies of a harmful recessive allele may result in

A

miscarriage of a fetus

29
Q

refers only to how an allele behaves in combination with a recessive allele
in a heterozygote.

A

dominant allele

30
Q

states that the alleles of different genes are distributed to egg and sperm cells independently of each other during meiosis

A

law of independent assortment

31
Q

the heterozygous genotype results in a phenotype

that is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes.

A

incomplete dominance

32
Q

both gene products are equally expressed

A

codominance

33
Q

Inheritance of phenotypic traits that depend on many genes

A

polygenic inheritance

34
Q

distributed to egg and sperm cells independently of each other during meiosis.

A

alleles of different genes

35
Q

Many alleles for different traits are often inherited together because

A

they are physically joined on the same chromosome.

36
Q

the closer they are located to each other on the chromosome the more likely they are to be inherited together.

A

linked alleles

37
Q

How often two linked alleles are inherited together is

clue: the more crossing-over occurs, the less likely the linked alleles will be inherited together

A

directly proportional to how close together they are and inversely proportional to how often crossing-over occurs

38
Q

technique on mapping the positions of genes by studying how often particular linked alleles are inherited together,

A

linkage mapping

39
Q

three major sources of genetic variability as a result of sexual reproduction:

A

● Independent assortment of alleles located on different chromosomes
● Partial shuffling of linked alleles as a result of crossing- over between autosomes
● Random fertilization of an egg by a sperm

40
Q

Why is the sperm of the father the determinant of the sex of the offspring?

A

Females have two X chromosomes and will donate one of them to the offspring, whereas males have an X and a Y chromosome, only one of which is donated to the offspring. If the male donates a Y chromosome, the fertilized egg has an X and a Y chromosome and will develop into a male.

41
Q

more likely to display any recessive trait found on the X chromosome, not just those that cause disease.

A

males

42
Q

In sexually reproducing animals in which the Y chromosome determines maleness, who have a homologous pair of X chromosomes?

A

females

43
Q

refers to inheritance patterns that depend on genes located on the sex chromosomes.

A

sex-linked inheritance

44
Q

Inheritance if the gene is located only on the X chromosome

A

x-linked inheritance

45
Q

inheritance if the gene is located only on the Y chromosome

A

y-linked inheritance

46
Q

apparently influence differentiation of the male sex organs, production of sperm, and the development of secondary sex characteristics, but not much else.

A

y-chromosome genes

47
Q

Hemophiliacs lack a blood-clotting factor that is encoded by

A

an x-linked gene with 2 alleles

48
Q

Testosterone strongly stimulating the expression of

the baldness allele, in effect converting it from a recessive to a dominant allele in males is an example of?

A

sex-influenced phenotype

49
Q

one not inherited with the sex chromosomes per se but influenced by the actions of the genes on the sex chromosomes.

A

sex-influenced phenotype

50
Q

People express inherited genetic disorders caused by defective recessive alleles only if they

A

get 2 of the recessive alleles

51
Q

human inherited disease in which homozygous recessive individuals are unable to
make an enzyme that is needed for the normal metabolism of phenylalanine, an amino acid.

A

Phenylketonuria

52
Q

PKU is caused by mutation of the gene

A

Chromosome 1

53
Q

Chromosome 1 is responsible for

A

producing the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.

54
Q

Treatment of PKU requires limiting

A

dietary intake of Phenylalanine

55
Q

enzyme deficiency disease, this one caused by a recessive gene located on chromosome 15

A

tay-sachs

56
Q

Individuals homozygous for the recessive allele in Chromosome 15 are unable to make an enzyme that is responsible for the metabolism of a particular type of lipid,

A

sphingolipid

57
Q

Without this enzyme, the _______ accumulates in brain cells, causing cerebral degeneration

A

sphingolipid

58
Q

marked by progressive nerve degeneration leading to physical and mental disability and death.

A

Huntington’s disease

59
Q

HD is called a

A

Dominant-Lethal Allele

60
Q

are by their nature uncommon because they tend to eliminate themselves from the population, especially if they cause disease before the affected individual’s reproductive years.

A

dominant-lethal alleles

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions