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Psychology > GENETICS AND EVOLUTION > Flashcards

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature-Nurture Question

A

Whether behaviour originated in our genetic makeup or our own hard work

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2
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

Interdisciplinary field concerned with how genes and the environment influence individual behaviour and traits including brain function

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3
Q

Adoption study

A

When children are put up for adoption the parents who give birth to them are no longer the parents who raise them

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4
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Identical twins who share the same DNA

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5
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Fraternal twins who share 50% of the same DNA

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6
Q

Quantitative genetics

A

The scientific discipline in which similarities among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are

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7
Q

Heritability coefficient

A

Can range from zero to one, and is meant to provide a single measure of genetics’ influence on a trait

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8
Q

Gene-environment interaction

A

For many traits, genetic differences affect behaviour under some environmental circumstances but not others

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9
Q

Gene-selection theory

A

Occurs through the desire for gene replication

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10
Q

Sexual strategies theory

A

Describes the psychology of human mating strategies and the ways in which women and men differ in those strategies

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11
Q

Error management theory

A

Describes the evolution of biases in the way we think about everything - predicts that whenever uncertain situations present us with a safer versus more dangerous decision, we will psychologically adapt to prefer choices that minimize the cost of errors

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12
Q

Evolution

A

Certain traits and behaviours developing over time because they are advantages to our survival

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13
Q

Natural selection

A

Reproductive success not survival success

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14
Q

Adaptations

A

Traits and behaviours that evolved over time to increase our reproductive success

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15
Q

Survival adaptations

A

Mechanisms that helped our ancestors handle the “hostile forces of nature” like to survive hot temperatures we developed sweat glands to cool ourselves

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16
Q

Reproduction adaptations

A

Help us compete for mates, based on sexual selection theory

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17
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

Occurs when members of one sex compete against each other and the winner gets to mate with a member of the opposite sex. This is passed on with greater frequency due to their association with greater mating success

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18
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Members of one sex are attracted to certain qualities in mates - those desired qualities get passed on in greater numbers, simply because their precessors mate more often

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19
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of heredity or the information that is passed along in DNA that tells the cells and molecules how to build the organism and how that organism should behave.

20
Q

Fitness

A

Genes can influence the odds for survival and reproduction of the organism they are in. One way of boosting genes’ replicative success

21
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

Genes can influence the organism to help other organisms who also likely contain those genes. Another way of boosting gene’s replicative success

22
Q

Psychological adaptations

A

Mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

23
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Adaptations that occur in the body as a consequence of one’s environment

24
Q

Interactionist framework

A

A theory that takes into account multiple factors when determining the outcome

25
Q

Sexual Strategies Theory

A

A psychological theory that proposes that we have evolved a list of different mating strategies both short-term and long-term, that vary depending on culture, social context, parental influence and personal mate value - differences in parental investment have an enormous impact on sexual strategies

26
Q

Cost asymmetrics

A

Low cost but great reward / low reward but high cost

27
Q

Visual descent illusion

A

People will overestimate the distance when looking down from a height (compared to up)

28
Q

Auditory looming bias

A

People overestimate how close objects are when the sound is moving toward them compared to when it is moving away from them

29
Q

Acetylation

A

Increased gene expression

30
Q

Deacetylation

A

Decreased gene expression

31
Q

Epigentics

A

The study of changes in gene expression and how the environment affects expression of our genes, but not the underlying genes themselves

32
Q

Behavioural genomics

A

The study of how DNA and specific genes are related to behaviour

33
Q

Genotype

A

Refers to genetics and the gene

34
Q

Phenotype

A

Refers to the expression of that gene

35
Q

Dominant traits

A

If you have one copy of this version, you will have the trait (B,b) or (B,B)

36
Q

Recessive traits

A

You need both copies of this version to have the trait (b,b)

37
Q

DNA methylation

A

Changes that generally reduce expression of a gene

38
Q

Histone modification

A

Changes that can either increase or decrease expression of a gene

39
Q

Heritability

A

How much of the variation in a particular trait is attributable to variation in genetics

40
Q

Molecular genetics

A

The study of which genes are associated with which personality traits

41
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Broad and generally increase ability to deal with environment

42
Q

Psychological adaptations

A

Specific and solve specific problems

43
Q

Ekman’s Basic Emotions

A

Nearly universally recognized - anger, fear, disgust, shock, happiness, sadness

44
Q

Kin selection

A

Altruism because it would increase the survival of relatives - only help them because we’re related

45
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

If I do you a favour, maybe they’ll help me back eventually

Psychology (3 decks)

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