Genetics Flashcards
Genetics
Study of heredity
Genome
the sum total of genetic material in DNA
Genome of cells
DNA
Genome of viruses
DNA or RNA, never both
Location of DNA in EU
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Chromosomes
Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells
Plasmids
Genes
the fundamental unit of hereditary responsible for a given trait
Genotype
The genetic makeup found on chromosome
Phenotype
the observable traits of genotype
Phenotype
the observable traits of genotype
The basic unit of DNA structure
Nucleotide
Nitrogenous base
adenine(A), guanine(G), thymine(T), cytosine(C)
Nitrogenous base pairing
A+T G+C
The composition of DNA structure
5 carbon deoxyribose sugar
3 phosphate
nitrogenous base
Helicase
Unzipping the DNA helix
Primase
Synthesizing an RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3
Adding bases to new DNA chain, looking for mistakes
DNA polymerase 1
Removing RNA primers, replacing gaps between Okazaki fragments with correct nucleotides, replace mismatched bases
Ligase
final binding of nicks in DNA in synthesis and repair
Gyrase
supercoiling
Transcription
Making RNA from DNA template
Translation
mRNA gets translated into proteins to be used in cell
Codon. UAG, AUU, GCU
codes for amino acids
Types of RNA
mRNA, RNA primer, tRNA, rRNA
RNA nitrogenous bases
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
RNA nitrogenous pairing
U+A G+C
RNA structure
3 phosphate
5 carbon sugar ribose
nitrogenous base
mRNA will
codes for the sequence of amino acids in protein
tRNA
Acts as a translator of the mRNA code into protein
rRNA
forms the major part of ribosomes and participates in protein synthesis
RNA Primer
will direct DNA polymerase where to go on the strand. primes DNA
Anticodon
short sequence that compliments actual codon
Sense codons
61
will code for amino acids
How many and what are non-sense codons/ termination(stop) codons
3
signal to stop translations
UAA,UAG, UGA
Signal Codons
AUG start up the translation and codes for mythenine
Termination(STOP) codons
codons with no corresponding tRNA,
stops the process of translation
Exons
Code for proteins
Introns
Must be removed, do not code for proteins
Mutation
Change in a sequence of DNA.
Wild Type; Wild Strain
Natural and non-mutated strand
Mutant Strain
The organism has been mutated
Characteristics of the mutated strain
Changes in shape, genetic control mechanisms, and resistance to chemicals
Spontaneous mutations
random change in DNA due to errors in the DNA replication process; unknown cause
Induced mutation
mutations from exposure to know mutagens; physical or chemical agents
How is DNA is exchanged in cell
Conjugation; Transformation; transduction
Conjugation
two bacterial cells come together and exchange pieces of DNA
Transformation
the cell has died and released DNA and that released DNA gets picked up by another cell
Transformation
the cell has dies and released DNA and that released DNA gets picked up by another cell
Transduction
Bacteriophage will carry DNA and inject its own into a cell
