Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 10 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

nucleotides meaning

A

repeating subunits of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 parts of nucleotides

A

phosphate
deoxyribose (sugar)
base (A,T,G,C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) (size)

A

pyrimidines (smaller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Adenine (A), Guanine (G) (size)

A

purines (bigger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sides of the DNA ladder (held together by hydrogen bonds)

A

phosphate and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what DNA stands for

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA shape

A

double helix spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adenine (A) pairs with:

A

Thymine (T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thymine (T) pairs with:

A

Adenine (A)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Guanine (G) pairs with:

A

Cytosine (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytosine (C) pairs with:

A

Guanine (G)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 sides of the DNA are held together by:

A

hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder:

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

along the strings of DNA are

A

genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where are genes?

A

along the strings of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do hydrogen bonds do?

A

hold together the 2 sides of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

sugar and phosphate are where?

A

make up the sides of the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do genes do?

A

carry the information which determine your traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DNA replication meaning

A

process where DNA makes a copy of itself (cell division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the process of cell division called?

DNA makes a copy of itself

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is semi-conservative replication?

A

DNA replication where half the old strand is saved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is it called when the cell splits and ‘new’ DNA is added to the ‘old’ strand?

A

semi-conservative DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

semi-conservative replication process

A

1) an enzyme splits apart the DNA strands

2) complementary base pairs join the old strand by hydrogen bonds to make a new strand identical to the old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chromosomes meaning

A

DNA molecule in the cell nucleus

DNA packaged into chromosomes before cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chromatid meaning

A

name for each chromosome after replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

centromere meaning

A

the point where chromosomes are attached to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many pairs of autosomes and sex chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 pair of autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the male sex chromosome pair?

A

x, y

30
Q

what is the female sex chromosome pair?

A

x, x

31
Q

why must all cells reproduce?

A

to replace old cells
growth
to repair injury
offsprings

32
Q

mitosis meaning

A

process of cell division which results in the production of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell

33
Q

what are the stages of mitosis

A

1) Interphase
2) Prophase
3) Metaphase
4) Anaphase
5) Telophase & Cytokinesis

34
Q

what is the 1st stage of mitosis?

A

interphase

35
Q

what is the 2nd stage of mitosis?

A

prophase

36
Q

what is the 3rd stage of mitosis?

A

metaphase

37
Q

what is the 4th stage of mitosis?

A

anaphase

38
Q

what is the 5th stage of mitosis?

A

telophase & cytokinesis

39
Q

interphase

A

normal cell process (inbetween)

40
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes duplicated (appear)

41
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up (middle)

42
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes move apart (apart)

43
Q

telophase & cytokinesis

A

becomes 2 cells (two)

44
Q

centriole meaning

A

organelle in an animal cell that functions during reproduction

45
Q

spindle meaning

A

structure of fibres that stretch between centrioles and move the chromosomes during cell division

46
Q

mitosis vs meiosis

A

mitosis - in my toes-is (cell division, can occur in your toes)
meisosis - making sEx cells

47
Q

haploid meaning

A

half the number of chromosomes

48
Q

what happens in the process of mitosis?

A

DNA chromosomes double, then cells split once

49
Q

what happens in the process of meiosis?

A

DNA chromosomes doubles, then cells split twice (once, then the new ones split 2 to create 4 cells) to produce haploid

50
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

in the testes & ovaries (which are in gonads, in the nucleus of the cell)

51
Q

what does meiosis produce?

A

gametes –> sperm and eggs (haploid cells)

52
Q

why does meiosis take place?

A

so sexual reproduction can occur

53
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • 1 parent
  • mitosis
  • faster / ‘easier’
  • not good for genetic variation – offspring is identical
54
Q

sexual reproduction

A
  • 2 parents
  • meiosis
  • slower - need to find a mate
  • good for genetic variation – traits inherited from both parents
  • assists evolution (impossible without variation)
55
Q

principle of independent assortment

A

inheritance of 1 trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait (think yellow/green peas)

56
Q

alleles

A

different genes (possibilities) for the same trait

57
Q

dominant gene

A

gene that prevents the other gene from “showing”

58
Q

recessive gene

A

gene that does not “show” even though it is present

59
Q

TT

A

homozygous dominant

60
Q

tt

A

homozygous recessive

61
Q

Tt

A

heterozygous / hybrid

62
Q

genotype

A

combination of genes an organism has (TT, Tt, tt)

63
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance resulting from gene make up (hitchhikers vs straight thumb)

64
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two duplicated chromosomes containing the same genes

divided during meiosis I

65
Q

do genes come in pairs?

A

yes, they are the same gene on a pair of chromosomes, but they are not necessarily identical (brown/blue eyes)

66
Q

homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids

A

homologous chromosomes are 2 duplicated chromosomes and sister chromatids are one half of a duplicated chromosome. Homologous chromosomes could contain different variations of the same gene, sister chromatids contain the same exact copy.
Homologous - divided during meiosis I
Sister - divided during meiosis II

67
Q

sister chromatids

A

one half of the duplicated chromosome

divided during meiosis II

68
Q

what are punnet squares used for

A

used to predict the possible gene makeup of offsprings

69
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

70
Q

who established the structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick

Yr 10 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions