Genetics

Question 1

Know how a clone is formed using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, beginning with the donor cell and receptor cell through the birth of the cloned organism.

Answer 1

• suck out and discards initial receptor cell nucleus
• insert donor nucleus from differentiated somatic cell, fuzed with electroshock.
• new combo-cell acts like a freshly fertilized egg
• placed in vitro in surrogate womb, gestates just like a regular embryo

Question 2

Know how a cloned organism is the same as and how it is different than a natural twin.

Answer 2

• Both have identical DNA with the same genetic traits.
• Twins were duplicated when they were undifferentiated cells in an embryo from a traditionally fertilized egg. SCNT clones were made from adult somatic nuclei being used to replace egg nuclei, mimicking a fertilized egg

Question 3

Know possible factors that can influence the development of a clone after birth, which can result in the clone not being an exact replica of the original donor organism.

Answer 3

• health habits, influencing what diseases/disorders manifest
• family experiences, influencing behavior
• randomized markers, calico

Question 4

Know the difference between chromatin and a chromosome.

Answer 4

• Chromosomes are the ordered structures that pair up with a like chromosome during cell division.
• Chromatin is the packed DNA in a non-dividing cell – it is not organized in to the discrete chromosomal structures.

Question 5

Know the difference between a somatic cell and a gamete

Answer 5

• somatic are cells that make up the body and are not involved in reproduction
• gametes are sperm and egg (reproductive) cells

Question 6

Know the difference between a differentiated and non-differentiated cell

Answer 6

• differentiated have certain gene sequences turned off/on, dictating what kind of cell they are and what job they perform
• non-diff have all sequences turned on, have the potential to become anything

Question 7

Know the difference between cell division via meiosis and mitosis.

Answer 7

• mitosis= one cell becomes 2 identical cells with all the DNA (46, 23 pairs)
• meiosis=one cell becomes 4 granddaughter cells, each with half the recombined DNA (23 singles)

Question 8

Know which cells will under go which type of cell division

Answer 8

somatic=mitosis

gamete-meiosis

Question 9

DNA base pairs

Answer 9

AT and GC

Question 10

mitochondria

Answer 10

site of energy production for the cell. has its own set of unique DNA that is identical from mother to daughter

Question 11

DNA Replication (definition)

Answer 11

Makes a DNA copy of the DNA

Question 12

Know the general structural characteristics of the DNA

Answer 12

• AT and GC base pairs

- double stranded DNA is anti-parallel, meaning that the 5’ to 3’ directions are opposite for each of the two strands.

Question 13

DNA Replication (process)

Answer 13

helicase unwinds the DNA helix so that the copy machinery can synthesize or make complimentary strands to both of the existing DNA strands.

Question 14

Know, in general terms, what is necessary to produce a finished mRNA from the raw transcript

Answer 14

removing introns or intervening sequences and splicing exons or expressed sequences together to make the final mRNA transcript

Question 15

Translation

Answer 15

The mRNA message is decoded to give the corresponding polypeptide sequence

Question 16

Know the basic structural characteristics of the ribosome

Answer 16

• two subunits, large and small.

- 3 binding sites for t-RNA: E for empty, P for peptidyl (growing protein chain), A for (next) amino acid

Question 17

Know how to write a DNA or RNA sequence

C DNA - (5’) > ATG TGT > (3’)

Answer 17

C DNA - (5’) > ATG TGT > (3’)
T DNA - (3’) < TAC ACA< (5’)
mRNA - (5’) > AUG UGU > (3’)

Question 18

Leading strand

Answer 18

• 3’ on the unzipped end, 5’ on the zipped

- replicator protein can make one long chain of 5’ to 3’, moving toward the zipped end

Question 19

Lagging strand

Answer 19

• 5’ on the unzipped end, 3’ on the zipped
• replicator protein has to make several small chains of 5’ to 3’, moving toward the zipped end. primer RNAs have to be removed and the gaps filled at the end

Question 20

Coding strand

Answer 20

DNA strand that has the information for the protein that will be made

Question 21

Non-coding/template strand

Answer 21

DNA strand that is the mirror of the coding strand that will be used to create a coding mRNA strand through complementary base pairing

Question 22

Know, in general terms, what is necessary to produce a finished mRNA from the raw transcript

Answer 22

removing introns (intervening sequences), and splicing exons (expressed sequences) together to make the final mRNA transcript

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

The mRNA message is decoded to give the corresponding polypeptide/amino acid sequence

Question 24

Decode to Protein: AUG-UGU-UAU-AUC-CAA-AAC-UGC-CCA-CUG-GGA-UAG

Answer 24

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