Genetics Flashcards
Know how a clone is formed using Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, beginning with the donor cell and receptor cell through the birth of the cloned organism.
- suck out and discards initial receptor cell nucleus
- insert donor nucleus from differentiated somatic cell, fuzed with electroshock.
- new combo-cell acts like a freshly fertilized egg
- placed in vitro in surrogate womb, gestates just like a regular embryo
Know how a cloned organism is the same as and how it is different than a natural twin.
- Both have identical DNA with the same genetic traits.
- Twins were duplicated when they were undifferentiated cells in an embryo from a traditionally fertilized egg. SCNT clones were made from adult somatic nuclei being used to replace egg nuclei, mimicking a fertilized egg
Know possible factors that can influence the development of a clone after birth, which can result in the clone not being an exact replica of the original donor organism.
- health habits, influencing what diseases/disorders manifest
- family experiences, influencing behavior
- randomized markers, calico
Know the difference between chromatin and a chromosome.
- Chromosomes are the ordered structures that pair up with a like chromosome during cell division.
- Chromatin is the packed DNA in a non-dividing cell – it is not organized in to the discrete chromosomal structures.
Know the difference between a somatic cell and a gamete
- somatic are cells that make up the body and are not involved in reproduction
- gametes are sperm and egg (reproductive) cells
Know the difference between a differentiated and non-differentiated cell
- differentiated have certain gene sequences turned off/on, dictating what kind of cell they are and what job they perform
- non-diff have all sequences turned on, have the potential to become anything
Know the difference between cell division via meiosis and mitosis.
- mitosis= one cell becomes 2 identical cells with all the DNA (46, 23 pairs)
- meiosis=one cell becomes 4 granddaughter cells, each with half the recombined DNA (23 singles)
Know which cells will under go which type of cell division
somatic=mitosis
gamete-meiosis
DNA base pairs
AT and GC
mitochondria
site of energy production for the cell. has its own set of unique DNA that is identical from mother to daughter
DNA Replication (definition)
Makes a DNA copy of the DNA
Know the general structural characteristics of the DNA
- AT and GC base pairs
- double stranded DNA is anti-parallel, meaning that the 5’ to 3’ directions are opposite for each of the two strands.
DNA Replication (process)
helicase unwinds the DNA helix so that the copy machinery can synthesize or make complimentary strands to both of the existing DNA strands.
Know, in general terms, what is necessary to produce a finished mRNA from the raw transcript
removing introns or intervening sequences and splicing exons or expressed sequences together to make the final mRNA transcript
Translation
The mRNA message is decoded to give the corresponding polypeptide sequence
Know the basic structural characteristics of the ribosome
- two subunits, large and small.
- 3 binding sites for t-RNA: E for empty, P for peptidyl (growing protein chain), A for (next) amino acid
Know how to write a DNA or RNA sequence
C DNA - (5’) > ATG TGT > (3’)
C DNA - (5’) > ATG TGT > (3’)
T DNA - (3’) < TAC ACA< (5’)
mRNA - (5’) > AUG UGU > (3’)
Leading strand
- 3’ on the unzipped end, 5’ on the zipped
- replicator protein can make one long chain of 5’ to 3’, moving toward the zipped end
Lagging strand
- 5’ on the unzipped end, 3’ on the zipped
- replicator protein has to make several small chains of 5’ to 3’, moving toward the zipped end. primer RNAs have to be removed and the gaps filled at the end
Coding strand
DNA strand that has the information for the protein that will be made
Non-coding/template strand
DNA strand that is the mirror of the coding strand that will be used to create a coding mRNA strand through complementary base pairing
Know, in general terms, what is necessary to produce a finished mRNA from the raw transcript
removing introns (intervening sequences), and splicing exons (expressed sequences) together to make the final mRNA transcript
Translation
The mRNA message is decoded to give the corresponding polypeptide/amino acid sequence
Decode to Protein: AUG-UGU-UAU-AUC-CAA-AAC-UGC-CCA-CUG-GGA-UAG
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