Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
What activates oncogenes?
A
- missense mutations
2
Q
cancer syndromes tend to be autosomal _____ genes
A
- dominant
3
Q
Cancers arise from ____ mutations
A
- somatic mutations
4
Q
Cancer is a disease of somatic ______
A
- mosaicism
5
Q
What drives DNA damage?
A
- DNA damage
- growth factors
- oncogenes
6
Q
What tries to repair DNA
A
- DNA repair
- tumour suppressors
- BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51
7
Q
Progression to cancer steps
A
- Proliferation
- evade immune response
- acquire a vascular supply
- avoid apoptosis
- metastasis
- genetic instability
8
Q
What is a driver mutation?
A
- mutations that drive carcinogenesis
- increasing mutation rates in cancer cells allow cells to acquire driver mutation
9
Q
NGS finding of passenger mutations can?
A
- hide driver mutations
10
Q
Cancer is highly ____genous
A
-heterogeneous
11
Q
Explain the 2 hit hypothesis
A
- inherit a mutation, only require 1 mutation
- no mutation inherited, require 2 mutations for cancer
12
Q
What oncogene is associated with melanoma?
A
- BRAF
13
Q
Mendelian disorders have ___ penetrance
A
- high
14
Q
Breast cancer is associated by mutation in what tumour suppressor genes?
A
- BRCA1
- BRCA2
15
Q
What is tamoxifen?
A
- used to treat breast cancer
