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Biology - Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is an example of Inherited Characteristics

A

Hair colour

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

twisted double helix, made up of nucleotides, which are joined by bonds between pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide.

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4
Q

Where is DNA located in most organisms

A

Nucleas, except bacteria and DNA is free floating

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5
Q

what are the 4 nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine (GCAT)

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6
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

the VISUAL appearance of chromosomes

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7
Q

Which Nucleotides pair up?

A

Adenine + Thymine and Cytosine + Guanine

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8
Q

what is the complementary strand for the following DNA base sequence ? GCGGAATCA

A

CGCCTTAGT

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9
Q

what part of the DNA strand is the GENE, TWISTED DOUBLE HELIX AND NUCLEOTIDE?

A

gene = mini flat double helix
double helix twisted = fat 3D double helix
Nucleotide = opened double helix

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10
Q

What is a Gene?

A

sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein (gene gives sequence of DNA for a wish code)

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11
Q

what is a Chromosome?

A

consists of tightly coiled up DNA (moso soup, coiled seaweed)

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12
Q

What is an Autosome?

A

first 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes, one from father, one from mother (auto, mum, dad, 22 leave house)

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13
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

23rd homologous pair of chromosomes that tell us the sex of the baby (one yr older than 22, have a baby, telling sex)

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14
Q

what does Haploid mean?

A

Half the chromosomes than the parent cell, haploids are egg or sperm cells (hap = half of happy parent)

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15
Q

what does Diploid mean?

A

Full number of chromosomes in parent cell (dip = full dip in ice cream)

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the human body cell?

A

46 (5x9+1) to make body

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17
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a human sperm?

A

23 (22 leave house have baby 23)

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18
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

process that most cells use to divide (mito then greeto, divide)

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19
Q

What does Mitosis do?

A

diploid cells, single cells divide to form 2 identical daughter cells (single cell forms twin girls)

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20
Q

Order of Mitosis Phase

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis (PMAT I C)

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21
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Interphase?

A

Single chromosomes are replicated (INTER school happens every year and is replicated)

22
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Prophase?

A

chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane breaks down (pro’s are visable in sport but later break down)

23
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Metaphase?

A

Chromosones line up in center of cell and attach to spindal fibers (metat center holding hands w spindal fibers)

24
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Anaphase?

A

chromosones are pulled apart and individual chromatids move to opposite ends of cell (anaaa pulled apart)

25
Q

In mitosis, what happens in Telophase?

A

nuclear membranes appear around each set of chromosones, spindle fibers dissapear (opposite of prophase)

26
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Cytokinesis?

A

Parent cell divides to produce 2 daughter cells

27
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Haploid cells, a process in which 4 daughter cells are being produced, half the number of parent cells

28
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Interphase I?

A

Chromosomes are replicated (same as mitosis)

29
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Prophase I?

A

nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form, chromosones cross over eachother (two XX’s)

30
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Metaphase I?

A

Chromosomes pair up from each pair randomly with spindle fibers

31
Q

In Meiosis, what happpens in Anaphase I?

A

Chromosomes broken apart and pulled to ends of cell with spindle fibers (sideways v)

32
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Telophase I?

A

Nuclear membranes appear around each set of chromosomes (2 sets, 4 chromosomes all together)

33
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Prophase II?

A

membrane breaks down, spindle forms, chromosomes condense

34
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Metaphase II?

A

chromosones line up in middle of cell

35
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Anaphase II?

A

chromosomes are pulled apart and indicidual chromatides move to opposite end of cell (sideways v, 4 in each cell)

36
Q

In Meiosis, what happens in Telophase II?

A

nuclear membrane appears around each set of chromosones, chromosones decondense (circles around snakes, 2 pairs, 4 cells all together)

37
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Involves one parent meaning the offsprings are genetically identical

38
Q

examples of asexual reproduction

A

bacteria, budding hydra’s, spider plant

39
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

two parents are involved, each parent produces sex cells, egg and sperm

40
Q

Pathenogenesis example

A

when a starfishes leg breaks off, another one can grow back

41
Q

Why is sexual repreoduction affective?

A

because it removes harmful diseases, since not everyone is genetically the same, some can fight off sicknesses that others cant

42
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that masks or hides a gene trait (T=Tall)

43
Q

What is a Recessive Allele?

A

An allele that is masked or covered if a dominant allele is present (t=short)

44
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

if the genes in the allele are the same (TT or tt)

45
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

if the genes in the allele are different or hybrids (Tt)

46
Q

What does phenotype represent

A

the visable appearance within an allele (Tall:short, 4:0)

47
Q

What does Genotype represent?

A

the type of arrangment of the genes in an organism (TT:tt:Tt)

48
Q

What is Incomplete dominance?

A

when genes have equal dominance and form to create one characteristic or colour (red +white produces pink flower) does create both colours visibly

49
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

both alleles in a heterozygous offspring are expressed in the phenotype (both phenotypes present =patchy, a white and red cow have a baby that is white with red patches)

50
Q

What is a Male and Females chromosomes?

A 
Male = XY
Female = XX
51
Q

Why cant males carry a disease?

A

because they have a Y chromosone, which cant carry

52
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in DNA. it can cause a change in how an organism looks, behaves and physiology. (provides genetic variation or differences in an organism)

Biology - Genetics (1 decks)

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