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Biology - Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is an example of Inherited Characteristics

A

Hair colour

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3
Q

What is DNA?

A

twisted double helix, made up of nucleotides, which are joined by bonds between pentose sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of another nucleotide.

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4
Q

Where is DNA located in most organisms

A

Nucleas, except bacteria and DNA is free floating

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5
Q

what are the 4 nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine and Thymine (GCAT)

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6
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

the VISUAL appearance of chromosomes

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7
Q

Which Nucleotides pair up?

A

Adenine + Thymine and Cytosine + Guanine

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8
Q

what is the complementary strand for the following DNA base sequence ? GCGGAATCA

A

CGCCTTAGT

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9
Q

what part of the DNA strand is the GENE, TWISTED DOUBLE HELIX AND NUCLEOTIDE?

A

gene = mini flat double helix
double helix twisted = fat 3D double helix
Nucleotide = opened double helix

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10
Q

What is a Gene?

A

sequence of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein (gene gives sequence of DNA for a wish code)

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11
Q

what is a Chromosome?

A

consists of tightly coiled up DNA (moso soup, coiled seaweed)

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12
Q

What is an Autosome?

A

first 22 homologous pairs of chromosomes, one from father, one from mother (auto, mum, dad, 22 leave house)

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13
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

23rd homologous pair of chromosomes that tell us the sex of the baby (one yr older than 22, have a baby, telling sex)

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14
Q

what does Haploid mean?

A

Half the chromosomes than the parent cell, haploids are egg or sperm cells (hap = half of happy parent)

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15
Q

what does Diploid mean?

A

Full number of chromosomes in parent cell (dip = full dip in ice cream)

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the human body cell?

A

46 (5x9+1) to make body

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17
Q

How many chromosomes are found in a human sperm?

A

23 (22 leave house have baby 23)

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18
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

process that most cells use to divide (mito then greeto, divide)

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19
Q

What does Mitosis do?

A

diploid cells, single cells divide to form 2 identical daughter cells (single cell forms twin girls)

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20
Q

Order of Mitosis Phase

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis (PMAT I C)

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21
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Interphase?

Study These Flashcards
A

Single chromosomes are replicated (INTER school happens every year and is replicated)

22
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Prophase?

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A

chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane breaks down (pro’s are visable in sport but later break down)

23
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Metaphase?

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A

Chromosones line up in center of cell and attach to spindal fibers (metat center holding hands w spindal fibers)

24
Q

In Mitosis, what happens in Anaphase?

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A

chromosones are pulled apart and individual chromatids move to opposite ends of cell (anaaa pulled apart)

25
In mitosis, what happens in Telophase?
nuclear membranes appear around each set of chromosones, spindle fibers dissapear (opposite of prophase)
26
In Mitosis, what happens in Cytokinesis?
Parent cell divides to produce 2 daughter cells
27
What is Meiosis?
Haploid cells, a process in which 4 daughter cells are being produced, half the number of parent cells
28
In Meiosis, what happens in Interphase I?
Chromosomes are replicated (same as mitosis)
29
In Meiosis, what happens in Prophase I?
nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle fibers form, chromosones cross over eachother (two XX's)
30
In Meiosis, what happens in Metaphase I?
Chromosomes pair up from each pair randomly with spindle fibers
31
In Meiosis, what happpens in Anaphase I?
Chromosomes broken apart and pulled to ends of cell with spindle fibers (sideways v)
32
In Meiosis, what happens in Telophase I?
Nuclear membranes appear around each set of chromosomes (2 sets, 4 chromosomes all together)
33
In Meiosis, what happens in Prophase II?
membrane breaks down, spindle forms, chromosomes condense
34
In Meiosis, what happens in Metaphase II?
chromosones line up in middle of cell
35
In Meiosis, what happens in Anaphase II?
chromosomes are pulled apart and indicidual chromatides move to opposite end of cell (sideways v, 4 in each cell)
36
In Meiosis, what happens in Telophase II?
nuclear membrane appears around each set of chromosones, chromosones decondense (circles around snakes, 2 pairs, 4 cells all together)
37
What is Asexual Reproduction?
Involves one parent meaning the offsprings are genetically identical
38
examples of asexual reproduction
bacteria, budding hydra's, spider plant
39
What is Sexual Reproduction?
two parents are involved, each parent produces sex cells, egg and sperm
40
Pathenogenesis example
when a starfishes leg breaks off, another one can grow back
41
Why is sexual repreoduction affective?
because it removes harmful diseases, since not everyone is genetically the same, some can fight off sicknesses that others cant
42
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that masks or hides a gene trait (T=Tall)
43
What is a Recessive Allele?
An allele that is masked or covered if a dominant allele is present (t=short)
44
What does homozygous mean?
if the genes in the allele are the same (TT or tt)
45
What does heterozygous mean?
if the genes in the allele are different or hybrids (Tt)
46
What does phenotype represent
the visable appearance within an allele (Tall:short, 4:0)
47
What does Genotype represent?
the type of arrangment of the genes in an organism (TT:tt:Tt)
48
What is Incomplete dominance?
when genes have equal dominance and form to create one characteristic or colour (red +white produces pink flower) does create both colours visibly
49
What is co-dominance?
both alleles in a heterozygous offspring are expressed in the phenotype (both phenotypes present =patchy, a white and red cow have a baby that is white with red patches)
50
What is a Male and Females chromosomes?
``` Male = XY Female = XX ```
51
Why cant males carry a disease?
because they have a Y chromosone, which cant carry
52
What is a mutation?
a change in DNA. it can cause a change in how an organism looks, behaves and physiology. (provides genetic variation or differences in an organism)

Biology - Genetics (1 decks)

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