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Biology 30: Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Breeding

A

process of choosing and breeding specific organisms for particular physical features or behaviours

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2
Q

What was the first widely accepted theory of inheritance?

A

pangenesis

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3
Q

What does pangenesis consist of?

A

egg and sperm consist of particles from all parts of the body

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4
Q

Who discovered living sperm in semen?

A

anthony van leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

What did Anthony believe he saw?

A

a complete miniature person

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6
Q

True Breeding

A

organisms that are homozygous for a particular trait or set of traits and produce offspring that exhibit the same characteristics generation after generation

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7
Q

What did Mendel call the true breeding plants ?

A

paternal or P generation

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8
Q

What did Mendel call offspring?

A

filial or F1 generation

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9
Q

What did Mendel identify the characteristics go the F1 and F2 generation?

A

how many plants produced which characteristics

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10
Q

What did Mendel observe, for every trait, the F1 plants showed?

A

only one of the two paternal characteristics

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11
Q

Dominant

A

describes a trait which always appears in an individual that is either heterozygous or homozygous for that trait

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12
Q

Recessive

A

refers to a type of trait which does not appear in an individual that is heterozygous for that trait

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13
Q

Complete Dominance

A

a condition in which the dominant allele of a gene completely conceals the presence of the recessive allele of a gene.

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14
Q

What did Mendel analyze of the seven traits?

A

the F1 plant exhibited the trait of only one of the two paternal plants

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15
Q

What did Mendel find that did not appear in the F1 plants?

A

reappeared in the F2 plants, but in smaller numbers than in the P generation

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16
Q

What happens when gametes are formed?

A

the copies of the factors segregate so that each gamete receives one copy of each factor

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17
Q

Law of Segregation

A

first law of inheritance, stating that all individuals have two copies of each factor; these copies segregate randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of each gene

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18
Q

Genotype

A

the combination of alleles for any given traits of an organism

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

the visible physical and physiological traits of an organism

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

describes an individual with two identical alleles for a trait

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

describes an individual with two different alleles for a trait

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22
Q

Punnet Square

A

simple grid used to illustrate all possible combinations of simple genetic crosses

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23
Q

Test Cross

A

cross of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

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24
Q

What did Mendel cross plants with true breeding?

A

for two different traits with plants that were true breeding for the opposite form of the same two traits

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25
What does the F1 generation produce?
F1 plants that were all heterozygous for both traits of the F2 generation
26
Law of Independent Assortment
second law of inheritance, stating that all individuals have two copies of each factor; these copies segregated randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of each gene
27
Incomplete Dominance
a condition in which neither two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal the presence of the other
28
Incomplete dominance diseases
sickle cell anemia and hyperchlesterolemia
29
What is sickle cell?
cause by a specific form of the gene that directs the synthesis of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.
30
What are the sickle cell hemoglobin shaped like?
crystal-like
31
What is an advantage of the sickle cell trait?
heterozygotes are resistant to malaria
32
What is the sickle cell trait an example of?
heterozygous advantage -- individuals having an advantage over homozygous dominant or recessive individuals
33
What is the condition Hypercholesterolemia ?
prevents the tissues from removing low density lipoproteins from the blood.
34
What happens when people have the homozygotes for the trait?
six times the normal amount of cholesterol in their blood and may have a heart attack
35
Co-Dominance
describes a situation in which two alleles may be expressed equally; occurs when two different alleles for a trait are both dominant
36
What did Mendel accept?
genes must be present in order to be observed
37
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
theory proposed by Walter Sutton that genes are carried on chromosomes
38
What did Sutton recognize?
genes that are carried on the same chromosome do not assort independently
39
What did Sutton predict?
when alleles of two different genes are on the same chromosome they do not assort independently
40
Linked Genes
genes found on the same chromosome
41
Crossing Over
a random event and occurs, with equal probability, at nearly any point on the sister chromatids, except near the centromere
42
What does crossing over mean?
more likely to occur between genes that are farther apart on a chromosome than between genes that are closer together
43
What does the gene-chromosme theory now state?
genes exist at a specific sites arranged in a linear manner along chromosomes
44
Chromosome Mapping
process for determining the relative position of genes on a chromosome
45
Map Unit
distance between genes on a single chromosomes
46
What is the map distance?
the distance between genes on a single chromosome
47
Recombinant Types
describe offspring, that have a different combination of alleles than the chromosomes of their parents
48
Parental Types
describes offspring that have chromosomes that are identical to those of their parents
49
Thee greater the distances is between linked genes...?
the more likely they are to cross over during meiosis
50
The percentage of recombinant types in the F1 generation is proportional to what?
the distance between the genes
51
Recombination Frequency
percentage of times that a crossover occurs as gametes are formed
52
What is the distance between the gene for eye colour and wing type?
10 map units
53
What is the distance between the gene for eye colour and body colour?
4 map units
54
What is the distance between the genes for body colour and wing type?
6 map units
55
Sex-Linked Traits
trait controlled by genes on either the X or Y chromosome
56
What is the common form of colour blindness?
the result of a recessive trait that is carried on X chromosome
57
What is carried in most animals and male carriers?
a Y chromosome. Y linked traits are passed only from males to sons
58
Barr Body
structure formed when the inactive X chromosome condenses tightly
59
What is the visible effect of the inactivation of one X chromosome?
the calico, coat colour
60
What is the maximum number of genotypes?
one gene with two allele
61
Multiple Alleles
pattern of inheritance in which gene has more than two alleles for each given trait
62
The I^A allele is responsible for the presence of what?
an A antigen on the red blood cells
63
The I^B allele is responsible for what?
the B antigen
64
What does the I allele cause?
there to be no antigen
65
I^A I^B ?
co-dominance with each other
66
The Order of Dominance
sequence indicating which alleles are dominant to other alleles
67
What does this symbol mean >?
is dominant to
68
Continuous Trait
a trait for which phenotypes vary smoothly from one extreme to another
69
What cannot continuous traits be placed into?
categories
70
What are the continuous traits controlled by?
more than one gene
71
Polygenic Trait
trait that is controlled by many genes
72
Pedigree
a type of flowchart that uses a symbols to show the patterns of relationships and traits in a family over many generations
73
What are autosomes?
chromosomes other than sex chromosomes
74
Autosomal Inheritance
refers to traits that are coded for by genes on autosomes
75
What happens to a recessive phenotype?
occurs in a child of parents who exhibiting the dominant trait, parents must be heterozygous for that trait
76
Huntington's disease is what?
autosomal dominant
77
Marfan syndrome is what?
autosomal dominant
78
cystic fibrosis is what?
autosomal recessive
79
Genetic Screening
any of several methods of identifying people who are at risk of developing particular genetic conditions or of passing these conditions on to their children
80
Genetic Counsellor
person who uses an understanding of genetics to predict and explain traits in children

Biology 30: Genetics (1 decks)

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