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Biology 30: Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Selective Breeding

A

process of choosing and breeding specific organisms for particular physical features or behaviours

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2
Q

What was the first widely accepted theory of inheritance?

A

pangenesis

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3
Q

What does pangenesis consist of?

A

egg and sperm consist of particles from all parts of the body

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4
Q

Who discovered living sperm in semen?

A

anthony van leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

What did Anthony believe he saw?

A

a complete miniature person

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6
Q

True Breeding

A

organisms that are homozygous for a particular trait or set of traits and produce offspring that exhibit the same characteristics generation after generation

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7
Q

What did Mendel call the true breeding plants ?

A

paternal or P generation

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8
Q

What did Mendel call offspring?

A

filial or F1 generation

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9
Q

What did Mendel identify the characteristics go the F1 and F2 generation?

A

how many plants produced which characteristics

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10
Q

What did Mendel observe, for every trait, the F1 plants showed?

A

only one of the two paternal characteristics

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11
Q

Dominant

A

describes a trait which always appears in an individual that is either heterozygous or homozygous for that trait

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12
Q

Recessive

A

refers to a type of trait which does not appear in an individual that is heterozygous for that trait

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13
Q

Complete Dominance

A

a condition in which the dominant allele of a gene completely conceals the presence of the recessive allele of a gene.

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14
Q

What did Mendel analyze of the seven traits?

A

the F1 plant exhibited the trait of only one of the two paternal plants

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15
Q

What did Mendel find that did not appear in the F1 plants?

A

reappeared in the F2 plants, but in smaller numbers than in the P generation

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16
Q

What happens when gametes are formed?

A

the copies of the factors segregate so that each gamete receives one copy of each factor

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17
Q

Law of Segregation

A

first law of inheritance, stating that all individuals have two copies of each factor; these copies segregate randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of each gene

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18
Q

Genotype

A

the combination of alleles for any given traits of an organism

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19
Q

Phenotype

A

the visible physical and physiological traits of an organism

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20
Q

Homozygous

A

describes an individual with two identical alleles for a trait

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21
Q

Heterozygous

A

describes an individual with two different alleles for a trait

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22
Q

Punnet Square

A

simple grid used to illustrate all possible combinations of simple genetic crosses

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23
Q

Test Cross

A

cross of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive

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24
Q

What did Mendel cross plants with true breeding?

A

for two different traits with plants that were true breeding for the opposite form of the same two traits

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25
Q

What does the F1 generation produce?

A

F1 plants that were all heterozygous for both traits of the F2 generation

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26
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

second law of inheritance, stating that all individuals have two copies of each factor; these copies segregated randomly during gamete formation, and each gamete receives one copy of each gene

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27
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

a condition in which neither two alleles for the same gene can completely conceal the presence of the other

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28
Q

Incomplete dominance diseases

A

sickle cell anemia and hyperchlesterolemia

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29
Q

What is sickle cell?

A

cause by a specific form of the gene that directs the synthesis of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in the blood.

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30
Q

What are the sickle cell hemoglobin shaped like?

A

crystal-like

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31
Q

What is an advantage of the sickle cell trait?

A

heterozygotes are resistant to malaria

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32
Q

What is the sickle cell trait an example of?

A

heterozygous advantage – individuals having an advantage over homozygous dominant or recessive individuals

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33
Q

What is the condition Hypercholesterolemia ?

A

prevents the tissues from removing low density lipoproteins from the blood.

34
Q

What happens when people have the homozygotes for the trait?

A

six times the normal amount of cholesterol in their blood and may have a heart attack

35
Q

Co-Dominance

A

describes a situation in which two alleles may be expressed equally; occurs when two different alleles for a trait are both dominant

36
Q

What did Mendel accept?

A

genes must be present in order to be observed

37
Q

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

A

theory proposed by Walter Sutton that genes are carried on chromosomes

38
Q

What did Sutton recognize?

A

genes that are carried on the same chromosome do not assort independently

39
Q

What did Sutton predict?

A

when alleles of two different genes are on the same chromosome they do not assort independently

40
Q

Linked Genes

A

genes found on the same chromosome

41
Q

Crossing Over

A

a random event and occurs, with equal probability, at nearly any point on the sister chromatids, except near the centromere

42
Q

What does crossing over mean?

A

more likely to occur between genes that are farther apart on a chromosome than between genes that are closer together

43
Q

What does the gene-chromosme theory now state?

A

genes exist at a specific sites arranged in a linear manner along chromosomes

44
Q

Chromosome Mapping

A

process for determining the relative position of genes on a chromosome

45
Q

Map Unit

A

distance between genes on a single chromosomes

46
Q

What is the map distance?

A

the distance between genes on a single chromosome

47
Q

Recombinant Types

A

describe offspring, that have a different combination of alleles than the chromosomes of their parents

48
Q

Parental Types

A

describes offspring that have chromosomes that are identical to those of their parents

49
Q

Thee greater the distances is between linked genes…?

A

the more likely they are to cross over during meiosis

50
Q

The percentage of recombinant types in the F1 generation is proportional to what?

A

the distance between the genes

51
Q

Recombination Frequency

A

percentage of times that a crossover occurs as gametes are formed

52
Q

What is the distance between the gene for eye colour and wing type?

A

10 map units

53
Q

What is the distance between the gene for eye colour and body colour?

A

4 map units

54
Q

What is the distance between the genes for body colour and wing type?

A

6 map units

55
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

trait controlled by genes on either the X or Y chromosome

56
Q

What is the common form of colour blindness?

A

the result of a recessive trait that is carried on X chromosome

57
Q

What is carried in most animals and male carriers?

A

a Y chromosome. Y linked traits are passed only from males to sons

58
Q

Barr Body

A

structure formed when the inactive X chromosome condenses tightly

59
Q

What is the visible effect of the inactivation of one X chromosome?

A

the calico, coat colour

60
Q

What is the maximum number of genotypes?

A

one gene with two allele

61
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

pattern of inheritance in which gene has more than two alleles for each given trait

62
Q

The I^A allele is responsible for the presence of what?

A

an A antigen on the red blood cells

63
Q

The I^B allele is responsible for what?

A

the B antigen

64
Q

What does the I allele cause?

A

there to be no antigen

65
Q

I^A I^B ?

A

co-dominance with each other

66
Q

The Order of Dominance

A

sequence indicating which alleles are dominant to other alleles

67
Q

What does this symbol mean >?

A

is dominant to

68
Q

Continuous Trait

A

a trait for which phenotypes vary smoothly from one extreme to another

69
Q

What cannot continuous traits be placed into?

A

categories

70
Q

What are the continuous traits controlled by?

A

more than one gene

71
Q

Polygenic Trait

A

trait that is controlled by many genes

72
Q

Pedigree

A

a type of flowchart that uses a symbols to show the patterns of relationships and traits in a family over many generations

73
Q

What are autosomes?

A

chromosomes other than sex chromosomes

74
Q

Autosomal Inheritance

A

refers to traits that are coded for by genes on autosomes

75
Q

What happens to a recessive phenotype?

A

occurs in a child of parents who exhibiting the dominant trait, parents must be heterozygous for that trait

76
Q

Huntington’s disease is what?

A

autosomal dominant

77
Q

Marfan syndrome is what?

A

autosomal dominant

78
Q

cystic fibrosis is what?

A

autosomal recessive

79
Q

Genetic Screening

A

any of several methods of identifying people who are at risk of developing particular genetic conditions or of passing these conditions on to their children

80
Q

Genetic Counsellor

A

person who uses an understanding of genetics to predict and explain traits in children

Biology 30: Genetics (1 decks)

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