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PRINCIPLES > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What two factors give rise to disease?

A

DNA (genetic) and Environmental

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2
Q

What is a PHENOTYPE?

A

Physical appearance resulting from inherited information.

Physical characteristics of a person.

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3
Q

What is a GENOTYPE?

A

Heritable genetic identity?

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4
Q

What predisposition do all genes control?

A

The predisposition to DISEASE.

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5
Q

What direction is DNA replicated in?

A

5’ -> 3’ direction.

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6
Q

How many copies of a genome does each person have?

A

Each person has 2 copies of the human genome.

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7
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for a male?

A

XY

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8
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for a female?

A

XX

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9
Q

What are HISTONES?

A

Histones are PROTEINS which DNA winds around to form chromosomes.

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10
Q

What is the product of cell division?

A

Two daughter cells are produced in cell division.

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11
Q

What 2 Phases is Mitosis split into?

A

INTERPHASE

MITOSIS

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12
Q

What are the 4 Phases of Interphase?

A

G1
S
G2
M

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13
Q

Describe G1 Phase.

A

First growth period - organelles and proteins are synthesised.

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14
Q

Describe S Phase.

A

Growth furthered.

CHROMOSOMES MAKE COPIES OF THEMSELVES.

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15
Q

Describe G2 Phase.

A

Continued growth where more proteins and organelles are synthesised.

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16
Q

What are HOMOLOGOUS Chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes have the SAME:

LOCII
CENTROMERE POSITION
GENES (Alleles may be different)
SIZE

17
Q

What are the two key parts of Meiosis?

A

(1) Homologous chromosomes LINE UP.

(2) CROSSING OVER takes place RANDOMLY.

18
Q

What does CROSSING OVER enable?

A

Crossing over enables ALLELE RECOMBINATION.

Allows daughter cells to be genetically DIFFERENT.

19
Q

What types of DNA damage exist?

A
  • Mismatched Base
  • Chemical Cross-linking
  • DNA strand breaks
20
Q

What is Chemical Cross-linking?

A

Occurs when exogenous or endogenous agents react at two different points of a DNA strand.

DNA cannot be replicated as it is blocked and leads to cell death.

21
Q

What happens to damaged DNA?

A

Mechanisms exist which can:

  • Repair DNA
  • Halt cell cycle
  • Apoptosis
22
Q

What happens if mechanisms which repair damaged DNA are damaged themselves?

A

ILLNESS and DISEASE

23
Q

What Mitotic stage does DNA replication take place?

A

S Phase.

24
Q

When is it possible for DNA to be damaged?

A

DNA Replication.

25
Q

Describe RE-ASSORTMENT.

A

When alleles recombine randomly resulting in genetic variation in the daughter cells produced by Mitosis.

26
Q

What determines the amount of protein produced?

A 
tsp (TeaSPoon)
Transcription
Splicing
Processing mRNA
Half life of mRNA
27
Q

What is DNA transcribed to?

A

Pre-mRNA

28
Q

What is pre-mRNA spliced to?

A

Mature mRNA

PRINCIPLES (8 decks)

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