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Bio 11 - Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A
  • located in nucleus

- contains genetic information to control organism

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2
Q

RNA

A

-transfer molecule which moves genetic information and aids in protein synthesis

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3
Q

Purine

A

have double ring structure (larger)

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4
Q

pyramidines

A

have a single ring structure (smaller)

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5
Q

nitrogenous base

A

-connected by H-bonds
-DNA strands run antiparalell
thymine
cytosine
guanine
andanine

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6
Q

nucleotide

A

made of sugar, phosphate bond, nitrogenous base

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7
Q

gene

A

a short section of DNA responsible for inheriting a particular characteristic

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8
Q

2 parts of cell division

A

Interphase-prepare for division grow , mitosis

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9
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

Prophase- chromatin condenses and form visible chromosomes
Metaphase-the chromosomes move to cell equator
Anaphase- centromeres split and sister chromatin are pulled apear to opposite poles of cell
Telaphase-cell wall pinched and cytokineses(division of cytoplasm

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10
Q

function of meiosis

A

reproductive cells called gametes (egg and sperm)

-mitosis happening twice

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11
Q

Gametes

A
  • egg and sperm
  • haploid
  • each egg and sperm contain 22 autosomes and one sex chromosomes
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12
Q

haploid

A

half the number of chromosomes as humans 23

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13
Q

Prophase 1

A

-nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear and spindle fibers form
-similar chromosomes pair to form homologous chromosomes
TETRAD- made up of 4 chromatids

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14
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Independent Assortment -pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the equator randomly
this is called synapsis

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15
Q

Anaphase 1

A

homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles

known as disjunction

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16
Q

Telophase 1

A

-spindle fibers disappear
-cytokineses
no DNA replication 2 chromatids exist
-sometimes a short period of interphase

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17
Q

Meiosis 2

A

identical to mitotic cell division

18
Q

End result of meiosis

A

-4 non-identical daughter cells
meiosis 1 has diploid set of 46
meiosis 2 has a haploid set of 23

19
Q

gametogenesis

A

end result in production of gametes

20
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm male gametes

equal sperm with head and flagellum

21
Q

oogenesis

A

production of female gametes (eggs)

  • a diploid cell enlarges and undergoes meiosis 1 but cytoplasm is not equally divided
  • one cell is viable sex cell called primary oocyte while other 3 are polar bodies.
22
Q

2 ways of genetic variation

A
  1. prophase 1 when tips of non-sister chromatids “cross over” in synapsis and exchange genetic info
  2. metaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes independently assort from tetrads
23
Q

non- disjunction

A

Failure of chromosomes to move to opposite poles in anaphase 1
3 copies of the 21st chromosome
known as down’s syndrome

24
Q

hereditary

A

transmission of characteristics from one generation to the next

25
Q

allele

A

particular DNA form that appears at eh gene location an inherited characteristic (Aa)

26
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

pairs of chromosomes that carry corresponding DNA codes one from mother one from father.

27
Q

Test cross

A

test preformed to distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous genotype because the phenotype is the same.

28
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

-both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygous individual the result is blending inheritance
-P= WW(white) x RR(red)
F1 : WR (pink)
F2: 1WW:2WR:1RR

29
Q

Co dominance

A

two alleles are expressed at the same time

so mixture of two colors

30
Q

multiple alleles

A

more than 2 possible alleles

31
Q

Blood types and alleles

A

A : IAIA IAi
B: IBIB IBi
AB: IAIB
O: ii

32
Q

women

men

A

XX

XY

33
Q

3 sex linked disorders

A
  1. Colour blindness
  2. Hemophilia
  3. Muscular dystrophy
34
Q

Blood Tests

A
  • test for rh factor and blood sugar level
  • if fetus has rh factor different from mother the mother develops antibodies to the fetus
  • attack red blood cells
  • results in brain damage, blood disease, stillbirth
35
Q

Ultrasoud

A
  • visualization of the fetus
  • physical abnormalities
  • chormosomal abnormalities are detected through karyotyping
36
Q

Aminocentesis

A
  • 15th and 18th week
  • needle inserted into abomen and withdraws amniotic fluid
  • cells cultured in lab
  • karyotyped during metaphase
  • chromosome abnormalities detected
37
Q

AFT (alpha-fetaprotien)

A

protien made in unborn babies

  • test mothers blood
  • identify twins
  • abnormal levels signal nureal tube spinal defect
38
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

an error in the DNA sequence

may be chromosomal level

39
Q

4 types of chromosomal mutations

A
  1. deletion - portion is lost
  2. duplication - chromosome portion is added
  3. Inversion - a portion is inverted
  4. Translocation : a portion is switched with another
40
Q

Gene therapy

A

correcting a genetic defect by introducing a normal gene into the defective cells

41
Q

Somatic gene therapy

A

-introduce gene to somatic cells
-hope normal protien is expressed
correct symptoms of genetic defect
-currently in clinical trials

42
Q

Germ- Line Therapy

A
  • introduce new gene to sperm and egg cells
  • gene will be transmitted to offspring
  • common with animals not done with humans

Bio 11 - Genetics (1 decks)

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